From

Lipot Szondi, Ich-Analyse [Ego
Analysis]

Translated by

Arthur C. Johnston

© 2008

By Arthur C. Johnston, PhD

Please Observe: The copyright of this article (in German or in
English) belongs to the Szondi Institute and to Dr. Arthur C. Johnston. This means
you may not duplicate this article without their permissions.

SECTION III

DIALECTIC* EGO ANALYSIS

[ Editor: *dialectics = a theory of
polarities, antitheses, contrarieties.]

INTERNAL EGO DIALECTIC

THE INTERNAL DEFENSE THEORIES

Essences and Forms of
the Internal Ego Dialectic

We call mental dialectic generally those cooperative
opposite psychological functions that condition and maintain the unity of the soul.

Under “internal ego dialectic” we must sum up only those
reactions of opposite movements of complementary opposition, which within the ego as mutually completing
ego-like opposite functions condition
and protect the internal unity of the
whole ego. Through the internal ego dialectic, consequently, it defends against
the internal ego dangers -- thus the
dangers through the unifunctions of an elementary function or an ego factor.

In opposition to
this stands the external ego-drive
dialectic and the external ego-affect
dialectic. This is outside of the ego between
the border drives (sexual drive and contact drive) and furthermore between the paroxysmal
drive (affect life) and the ego that moves against them and secures the complete
mental life. Fate Analysis calls the outer ego-drive dialectic and ego-affect
dialectic the external defense function of
the ego.

The three main
forms of the internal ego dialectic
are:

I. The between factorial ego dialectic,
dialectic between ego expansion (ego
diastole) (p), and ego constriction (ego-systole)
(k);

II. The inner factorial tendency dialectic within the same ego factor;

III. The dialectic between the foreground ego [Vorder-Ich] and the background
ego [Hinter-Ich].

Chapter XVI

THE BETWEEN FACTORIAL EGO DIALECTIC

Dialectic Between Ego
Expansion (Ego Diastole)

and

Ego Constriction (Ego
Systole)

If one asks about
the particulars in the fate analytic ego theory, then we must mention above all
the fact that this was developed on the dialectic and the complementary
opposite movement of two opposing functions, ego expansion (ego diastole) and
ego constriction (ego systole).

I. Ego Diastole

I. We call ego diastole the
“human” need to make conscious unconscious contents and through
that to expand the ego field.

Through this
need the ego develops for itself ego consciousness, in particular however
wish consciousness. Animals have only
a perception possibility. They themselves are not conscious that they wish or what they wish. The satisfaction of the demands with animals discharges
unconsciously. Humans alone are beings who know the need to make unconscious drive
striving conscious and to satisfy them consciously. The prototype of the ego
diastole is, in our opinion, in one’s development history is participation, thus the need to be one and
the same with the other. Through having a part in the other, one extends the
power field of the still unconscious ego. For a while the participative demand
of humans is still unconscious. Only when the participation -- the unconscious union
between two beings, between mother and child ‑- encounters real obstacles
and when the participative dual union becomes impossible to realize begins the
first making conscious of the demand: To maintain further the dual union participation with the mother.

The becoming conscious of the original wish, to be one with
the mother again, creates the ego. The birth of the ego is thus the result
of two processes. These are: (1.) The real crisis in the participation, thus in
the dual union with the mother; (2.) the human drive to restore consciously
again the lost being one with the mother. The birth of the ego begins in the
moment in which the child is forced to perceive the twoness, the real
separation between the mother and him himself. This perception of the duality,
the being two and not being one, occurs only then when the wish for being one with
the mother has already became conscious.

One can
reconstruct therefore the processes in the ego birth theoretically in the
following steps:

1. Unconscious being one with the mother
= participation = p‑ phase.

2. Crisis in the
participation, in the dual union between child and mother; abandonment = p ± phase.

3. Becoming conscious
of the wish to reestablish the participative dual union; and the perception of being
two; the p+ phase.

Thus is laid the foundation stone of wish consciousness and ego consciousness.

From now on one can speak of a conscious “ego.”

The first
content of wish consciousness is thus the longing after the participative being
one, thus the wish, himself to cling to the mother with mouth and hand (I. Hermann),
like at the time of the original participation. On the one hand the repetition compulsion
of the paradise-like being one with the mother and on the other hand --
accompanying these needs being unsatisfied  -‑ the perception of being two thus
creates the ego.

4. After the wish
consciousness and ego consciousness were thus set up, henceforth constantly arise
new demands from out of the unconscious (p‑)
into wish consciousness (p+) where
the wish consciousness always thus expands
further and further.

We say: The expansion of wish consciousness is the
result of a specific human ego need, which we call the ego diastole and ego expanding
ego need. This ego need is determined through the p drive need that as a radical causes the following phenomena:

1.
Pure participation as primary projection and furthermore as secondary pathological projection: p‑.

2.
Projective inflation: p ±.

3.
Inflation: p+.

4.
Evacuation of consciousness, absence of the p function in the foreground: p0.

1. The Original Participation

Original participation (p‑) is called the demand: To be one and the same with the
object. This original function of the ego is at the beginning still
unconscious. It appears with the child as the unconscious phase of the dual
union, in which no separation between the ego world and the you world takes
place. The world picture is still participative, adual, that is, established
without twoness. This adual participation however occurs, as we in the analysis
of the elementary ego have already emphasized, on the basis of a primary
projection. The child transfers out the power of his being onto the mother and
has thus ‑- by being one with the mother – a share of the power of
the mother. In this sense one is thus entitled to count also this original
phase of the participation as the projective
ego diastolic ego function. The legitimacy for this interpretation received
its empirical confirmation by the experiments with the drive test. Primitive
native people, whose ego stage according to Lévy‑Bruhl is
participation, gave in the experiment actually to a considerable degree the ego
picture of projection adopted by C. G. Jung and me for participation. Thus the test
ego pictures: Sch = 0 ‑, 0 ‑!
! , + ‑! or ‑ ‑! !. (Investigations of E. Percy with Bush Negroes.)
Cultured people, who from any ‑-
mostly pathological ‑- basis regress to the original form of
participative thinking, supplied the same projective ego picture.1 The
connection of participation to the elementary function of projection is thus
also experimentally proven.

2. Projective Inflation

This kind of ego diastole appears in two
forms: a) As abandonment, b) as the feminine
matriarchal Moll [soft] ego. These ego processes we will treat later
with the so-called tendency ego dialectic
to understand there the abandonment as also the Moll ego as consequence of an intra-factorial
ego dialectic within the drive radical p.
Both are ego conditions in which projection and inflation are active at the
same time in the foreground.

3. Inflation

Inflation (p+) is the democratic [katexochen] ego
diastole. We have characterized inflation as the elementary strivings of the ego
after being everything. The ego field
is boundlessly extended by the demand to
be everything. It places itself in an actual ego dilation that very often works within itself by being dangerous
to the whole fate of the person. Functionally these ego expansions occur by the
fact that unconscious strivings
without resistance can occupy wish consciousness up to obsession. In this obsession [Besessenheit] the ego is
not able to perceive any longer the
contradictions of the opposites of the demands pushing into wish consciousness.
The inflative obsessed ego believes synchronously to be able to be both (mother and child, man and woman, animal and
human, God and servant, angel and Satan and so on). We say: Inflation is the condition in which the ego solves the intolerable
opposites in such a way that it simply does not perceive the contradiction.

The original basis for this inflation we
may assume to be phylogenetic in the wish to be a two sexual being and, in one’s
developmental history, in the wish to be oneself mother and child, that is to
be both and thus to be everything. Through the inflation the child chooses to unite
the power of the mother and its own being synchronously in himself. He does not
need the power-giving mother any longer, since he becomes the mother. We are inclined
to consider the act of the suckling (blissful sucking) the symbol of this
inflation whereby the finger represents the substitute mother.2 Thus
the suckling child becomes a double being
of child and mother.

The same thing happens ego
psychologically in masturbation. The ego of the masturbating child doubles
itself (p+). It is one part the wish-longing
child, who longs himself after being one with the mother, the other part also
the mother, who gives pleasure to it. In the act of suckling and masturbation
the child can satisfy both the phylogenetic desire for the two sexual being as
well as the ontogenetic demand to be one with the mother. In both acts the
child experiences for the first time the condition of inflation. He has doubled
himself in the ego.

Under pathological
conditions inflation often appears with adults as addiction or as megalomania
[greatness delusion] or as swindling
with deceitful aims, or even as a murderer.3 4 We summarize all
these ego conditions in the concept of the paranoid, and, according to whether
projection or inflation becomes stronger, we speak of a
“projective” or “inflative” paranoid.

The appearance of ego diastole is thus very diverse: Participation (with primitives
and with children), projective paranoid, abandonment of the ego, the
matriarchal Moll ego, pure inflation, obsession [possession], ambitendency,
excessive craving in infancy (sucking, masturbation), addiction illnesses of
adults, the inflative paranoid, and certain criminality forms are all ego diastolic ego fates. As a particular
type of character of ego diastole we have already mentioned the introverted type of Jung and Rorschach.

4. The Complete Absence of Ego Diastole

We call the
complete absence of ego diastole “evacuation,”
the emptying of wish consciousness. This will be discussed in detail with
the external defense mechanisms.

II.
Ego Systole

This completing and opposite function of
ego diastole is ego systole.

Ego systole is
the human need to contract and to limit the boundlessly expanding ego field.

If the radical “k,” thus the ego systole, were completely missing in
the ego, then the ego field, the wish
consciousness and ego consciousness, with each person would expand thus
boundlessly, as it indeed happens precisely with the pathological projective
and inflative paranoids. The radical k
with its restricting function ensures the fact that the human ego and thus the
fate of mankind itself do not lose themselves boundlessly and continuously in
the direction of the paranoid.

The
ego systole is that completing (complementary) opposing ego opposite ego
diastole that precisely through constriction secures the unity and thus the
health of the ego.

Ego systole executes this securing of
the unity and the health of the ego through the radical taking of a position [Stellungnahme] against all strivings that extend
the ego field through participation, or secondary projection, or inflation, in
sum through ego diastole seeking to expand boundlessly.

Ego systole is
thus the constricting taking a position against ego expansion. Therefore, we
call this ego part: The position-taking ego
[das stellungnehmende Ich].

The position-taking ego was called in
older consciousness and thinking psychologies simply the “will,” an expression, which we avoid where possible in
ego analysis because of the term’s philosophical manifold loaded meanings.
We have already discussed the two leading kinds of taking a position: Introjection as an affirmation position
and negation as denial. As a third
manner of position-taking functions the synchronous bifunction: The intronegation, which we have analyzed
partly as compulsion (k±) and partly as the masculine patriarchal Dur [hard] ego.

The fourth variation, the complete
absence of the position-taking in the foreground (k0), is called: Ego weakness or loss of position-taking.

1. Introjection

By introjection the ego can make harmless many
dangerous strivings and indeed through that action make have interests (k) out of being tendencies (p). Everything that the diastolic ego
would like to be can by means of incorporation be reduced to having
interests. Thus the danger of the expansion in being is defended through the safe being interested in something for itself.

If a person wants
to be, for example, omnipotent like God, then he is mad. If he introjects
however the demands to be like God into his ego and makes out of the inflative being
tendencies scientific interests in mythology, religion, and religion
psychology, then he has defended against the danger of insanity through
inflation by the incorporation of the being striving into the k ego. Henceforth he does not want any
more to be God; he is content that he harbors a particular interest in the gods,
and thus he becomes a researcher in mythology or religion. Many occupation choices
occur ‑- as we have shown ‑- by introjection of the threatening
inflative or projective being striving. In place of the demand to be this or that (for example, to be a woman with the man, to be a
man with the woman, to be a murderer or homicidal killer like a Cain or to be a
criminal, or to be persecuted, etc.) appears through the ego systole as
adequate interests: Gynecology, judicial medicine, forensic psychiatry, public
prosecutor's office and so on.

Many diastolic strivings as being fate [Seinsschicksal]
are dropped in life and reduced to character traits, which imprint the ego and express
themselves in occupation personalities. Character formation by incorporation is,
in our opinion, likewise an unconscious taking a position by the ego systole.
The ego systole is able thus to secure the unity and the health of the ego through
its introjection capability by means of the restriction of the being spheres through
interests, occupation choice, and character formation.

Quite often the
ego systolic taking a position must be content with setting a relatively more easily bearable and also
less anti-social systolic introjective symptom in place of a very dangerous
diastolic ego illness (paranoia). This transformation of the symptom through
the operation of the ego systole thereby forms an introjective illness symptom
out of a projective or inflative symptom by incorporation of the sick diastolic
strivings. Into this converting category of introjection we have classified symptoms
in the first volume Drive Pathology as the depressive, the masochistic, and
the fetishistic.5

As one of the most important systolic functions we have to consider compulsion.

2. Compulsion as Consequence of Intronegation

Compulsion is according
to our ego analysis the coupled bifunction of introjection and negation. We call this bifunction intronegation. This expresses itself
clearly in the ego form of compulsion: Sch
= ± 0, thus in the k ±
ego reaction.

Also the
patriarchal Dur hard ego is an intronegation.
Since the dialectic here is of an intra-factorial nature, we will discuss these
dialectic processes only later with the tendency ego dialectic.

3. Negation

Negation (k‑) is ‑- as
we already explained ‑- the most frequent taking a position of the ego
opposite projection, inflation, abandonment and/or femininity. Those denying
and renouncing taking of a position express themselves as adaptation (Sch = ‑ ‑), as inhibition (Sch = ‑ +) and
often also as sick repression (Sch ‑
0) or estrangement (Sch = ‑ ±). The detailed discussion of
these manners of the systolic position-taking remains reserved for the next
part on the external defense doctrines. There we will discuss dialectically
also the quantitative hyper negation and catatonic forms of negativism.

4. The Complete Abolition of Ego Systole

The complete giving up of any taking a position in the
foreground is dynamic dialectically called the giving up of the dialectic
between ego systole and ego diastole. It has as a result: The uninhibited
projection (Sch = 0 ‑) or inflation (Sch = 0 +) or the abandonment and/or
the femininity (Sch = 0 ±) or more rarely also the complete
disintegration, which is the loss of the ego (Sch = 0 0) in the foreground.

*

The ego systole as the imprinting and incorporating ego
function is therefore the condition for any kind of symptom and character formation
in the area of neurosis formation. The loss of any ego systole is often an indication
of a possible psychosis (inflative or projective paranoid) or of the
abandonment of masculine strivings (homosexuality with the man or femininity).
In the study of character, ego systole plays an important role in the structure
of the so-called extraverted type (C. G. Jung, Rorschach).6
Without ego systole the masculine Dur
ego also cannot develop. In the
socialization of the drives ego systole fulfills an important task through the
introjective occupation choices and through the adaptation by negation.

*

The most
important ideas concerning the dialectic between ego diastole and ego systole
are summarized as the following:

1. We call the recognition
of the completion capability of the opposite functions ego diastole and ego systole
in the unity and health of the ego the
internal ego dialectic or internal defense.

2. The unity and health of the ego are established and maintained through this p versus
k dialectic. This internal dialectic is established in the ego teachings as
the fundamental originating and preserving principle of the unity of ego life. It defends against the internal ego dangers.

3. The integrated ego: Sch = ± ± is the
ideal form of this dialectic. This form is in actually only exceptionally attained,
since humans only rarely succeed in maintaining this so perfectly complete
coexistence and cooperation of ego expansion and ego contraction continuously so
that the unity of the ego would be secured as stationary. The ego of the extreme
humanist can approximate this integration episodically -- this stage can rarely
be retained however in the long run.

4. With most persons the ego life shifts
itself either in the direction of ego
diastole or in that of ego systole. In this manner occur the two prominent ego
fate forms: The diastolic ego fate of p persons
and the systolic ego fate of k persons. We treated these two
forms of ego fates in detail in the second7 and in the third book8
of Fate Analysis [Schicksalsanalyse].

5. On the basis of this ego dialectic we
classify mankind into the two categories of the “p persons” and the “k
persons.” Of these two ego categories of the human being
possibilities in our opinion all divisions of persons are based according to character
types and experience types. What however so far was missing with these dual
typologies (in particular with those of C. G. Jung and H. Rorschach) is the
insight of the role the p and k radicals in the origin of the
described character types. Why? Because these
types are basic forms of ego fate. Only the discovery of these ego radicals
p and k made it possible to fathom the fundamental essences of this
typology.

The fate of the p versus k dialectic appears however to determine not only the fate of the
individual but also that of peoples. There are communities that consist rather
of p persons and other ones, however,
rather of k persons. The choice of
the governments and the prominent persons in the politics of nations goes with one
people more in the direction of ego
expansion and with another however more in that of contraction.

6. The history of mankind consists of the fight
of the diastolic and systole counteracting forces among the peoples.

Wars develop constantly on the basis of
a people’s diastole. Peace results from the integration of diastole and systole
among the peoples. From this view of mankind’s history one must come to
the assertion that the collective ego
diastole among peoples was constantly stronger in history than the power of
the collective ego systole. And why? Because the collective integration
precisely was missing and because all efforts in the direction toward an
integration of the people’s diastole and systole equilibrium so often
malfunctioned.

The collective ego development of
mankind today in many places is on one side partly in the phase of the
participation of secondary projection (communist systems of government) and remained
stuck in inflation (fascist states) (p
peoples) and the other side partly stiffened into the phase of incorporation (great
capitalistic nations) (k peoples). We
may not cling to great hopes for the near future regarding the possibility of an integration of the people’s ego existence
in form of a free democracy.

7. The complete stopping and dissolution
of the p versus k dialectic is called disintegration. In an individual’s life
disintegration (Sch = 0 0) is
accompanied by twilight conditions and absence of the ego in the foreground and
more rarely by continuing ego changes
(for example with transvestites or bisexuals or the inverted). In the life of
peoples disintegration is called: Anarchy.

Chapter XVII

THE INNER FACTORIAL EGO DIALECTIC

On the Psychology of Abandonment, the Feminine, and
Matriarchal Moll Ego Versus the Compulsive, the Masculine, and Patriarchal Dur Ego

With the p versus k dialectic are those mutually completing itself opposite function
of two root ego needs: The need after expansion in opposition to the need after
contraction of the ego field.

This dialectic
is thus of a between factorial nature
and has the goal of securing the unity of the whole ego through the defense from internal dangers.

The inner factorial ego dialectic plays itself out however
within a factor, that is in the sphere of activity of the p radical and
respectively the k radical.

In this manner
the ego dialectic of the reciprocal completing opposite functions are no needs
but only ego tendencies. We call it
also “tendency dialectic.”
Within the ego diastole (p radical) a
tendency dialectic takes place between projective participation and inflation.
It is thus a p- against p+ dialectic. With the radical k: Between introjection and negation. It
is the k+ against k‑ dialectic. The end goal of these two inner ego dialectics is the maintenance of
the functional unity of the ego diastole and/or the ego systole. Under
functional aspect are both manners of the inner dialectic bifunctions; that is two ego strivings penetrate at the same time onto
the front stage of the ego. In the test they are thus ambivalent ego reactions: p
± and/or k ±.

1. The Inner Dialectic of Ego Expansion

Those completing
opposites of participative projection and inflation can appear in the ego life
in two forms:

a) as the abandonment of the ego

b) as the feminine and matriarchal Moll ego.

a)
The Abandonment of the Ego

It is an empirically established fact that the
abandonment appears in the experiment test as the bifunction of the p factor and thus as the dialectic conflict
between projective participation (p-)
and inflation (p+). Their ego form
is: Sch = 0 ±. Two
ego-diastole ego strivings, which work in opposition, bring about therefore ego
psychologically the clinical picture of abandonment.

The one
striving, the tendency p‑,
wants to maintain further the lost, paradisiacal being one and being the same
with the unfaithful object. Since the person does not succeed with this, she accuses
the object of abandoning her and feels persecuted by the other (p‑).

The second striving, the tendency p+, makes the person presently conscious
of the fact of abandonment. Then however the person saves himself by doubling
of the ego, thus through inflation,
from the uncomfortable situation of the abandonment into an illusion world.

After the person was abandoned by her
love object and continued to be tormented by the wish for being one with him, she
becomes simultaneous in her fantasy both: The love-seeking person and also
love-giving object.

In the ego
condition of abandonment the person is thus filled with opposite strivings.
These are:

1. The wish for
continuation of the participative dual union and the drive to accuse the unfaithful
dual partner (p‑);

2. The becoming conscious
of actually being abandoned and the defense against this discomfort through the
doubling of the ego, that is, the formation of the illusion that one can be
both: The one giving love and the beloved (p+).

This p
± dialectic represents indeed
a difficult double splitting of the ego. It is not surprising that it only becomes
bearable by the maintenance of the dual union in the illusion and fantasy world through the mental doubling of the roles
(p+), which the ego is forced to play.
Precisely by this illusion of the double character of the loving one and the beloved,
the ego succeeds in securing its unity regarding the expansion. If the
projection only worked as a unifunction (Sch
= 0 ‑), then the person would
became a projective paranoid. However
if the inflation would be unifunctionally active, that is, without projective
participation and working alone, then the person would be an inflative paranoid. In both extreme
cases the unity of the ego diastole breaks up in the foreground. The existing
dialectic between projective participation and inflation holds the two part functions
of the ego diastole together. In the
condition of abandonment the person is thus protected by the simultaneous
inflative illusion and participation (p
±) of the double being against the danger of being persecuted (Sch = 0 ‑) and from megalomania (Sch = 0 +). The ego situation is indeed
illusionary and uncomfortable, but nevertheless not as unreal if it were the
pure projective or inflative paranoid.

b)
The Feminine and Mother-Like Moll Ego

We must prefix two observations before these
explanations:

First of all we speak here not of the real woman but of the essence of womanliness. The essence thus refers here to discussions of both sexes, thus to the essence of femininity
with the woman and with the man.

Second, that in
the mental reality of the woman ‑- as also the man -- consists of both the
feminine tender Moll tendency and the masculine
hard Dur tendency. A human being is registered
only with one sexuality in the matricula neonatorum. Its soul remains constantly two sexual. Drive
psychologically one must express
however the sexuality by the Dur-Moll proportions.
This fact induced us in 1952 to prepare for the psychosexual drive proportions
an experimental procedure, the so-called “Dur-Moll
method.”9

The question,
which we discuss here, is however not the dialectic between the feminine Moll
tendency and the masculine Dur tendency, but that dialectic which takes place within the femininity between the
participation (p-) and the inflation
(p+), which represents itself in the
existences. We ask here thus: I. Which Moll tendency do we have to attribute to
the function of the participation (p‑)?
II. And which to that of
inflation? III. What is the essential sense of the fact that womanliness
represents an ego diastolic p function
with the inner dialectic of participation and inflation?

Our empirical
results supplied the basis for this question; those results clearly proved that
womanliness in the ego with both sexes
represents a coupled bifunction of ego diastole in the foreground in the form: p ±.

The
interpretation of the ego forms:

1.  Sch =   0  ±    =
feminine Moll ego.

2.  Sch =    + ±    =
the acceptance and the introjection
of the femininity.

3.  Sch =    - ±    =   the denial of the femininity.

4. Sch =    ±
±    =
the
integration of the femininity and the masculinity in the ego.

These
interpretations proved sound in the past 15 years everywhere in the world. It
was proven that womanliness represents the bifunctional ego diastolic activity
of the radical p (in form of p ±) and that masculinity, on the
other hand, represents the bifunctional ego systolic activity of the radical k (in form of k ±); both are bound
mental features.

*

We now try to
answer the three raised questions ego analytically.

I. The participative (p‑) function
conditions the following essential traits of womanliness:

1. The drive to
go on the search to find a love object on the basis of a laid down (genotype) family
ancestor form. The seeking and finding of the love object according to Fate psychology
is brought about by shifting the masculine
ancestor form out of the familial unconscious
by means of genotropism.

2. The ability to be one and the same with
this love object in love and marriage and to form with the love object a
participative woman and man dual union.

3. The Moll ego
transfers through the participation its own power from the unconscious to the man. The ego, however, will have a share in this
power itself through its expanding the
power of the man and, consequently, will expand its own sphere of power. The
injury to this participative tendency after power expansion by the woman on the
part of the man is the everyday source of any dispute, separation and divorce
in the dual union.

4.
The participation conditions the motherliness and thus the matriarchal being
one with the child in the dual union
of child and mother (embryonic phase, period of the nutrition, etc.).

5. The
matriarchal being one and the same with the group of the children and
grandchildren in the context of the family.

6. The matriarchal being one and being the
same with the tribe and in particular with primitive tribes with mother
right.10

II. The following essential traits of
femininity are based on inflation:

1. In the dual union with the man, the
wife can double herself so that in her ego she is both the wife receiving love
and also the loving man. The strength of feeling
with the womanliness is based on inflation. She is at the same time the loved
woman and love-giving man.

2. As mother ‑- in the double unity
with the child ‑- the Moll ego doubles itself in a similar way. The true
mother feels all stirrings and strivings of the child also because precisely in
her Moll ego she is simultaneous mother and child.

3. The form of power of the femininity
is: Being power. The feeling of the feminine
being power in love and maternity, in the family, and in the matriarchal
village state feeds itself from the inflative source of the demand to be both
and to be everything. To femininity belongs a piece of the inflative power.

III. The dialectic
with femininity takes place thus between the poles of the participative being
one with man, child, family and tribe and the inflative double being of the woman
and the man, double being of the mother and the child, and double being of the
collective family (tribe) and the personal woman.

From this
essential world view of the femininity, it becomes evident that the womanliness
needs a complete specific ego expanding p
function. It is thus not surprising that only few among the women and
mothers are able to live out this difficult ego function in reality without
thereby becoming ill.

The womanliness
of the man is based likewise on the bifunction of synchronous participation and
inflation. If the man exclusively lives out in the foreground his Moll ego (p ±) and if he pushes his Dur ego
(k ±) into the background,
then we speak of an inverted
(homosexual) Moll ego.11

*

It is noteworthy here that in the ego analytic
experiment testing the form of abandonment coincides with that of femininity.
In both phenomena we find the same internal dialectic in the factor p between participative projection and inflation
without any position taken by the Dur ego (Sch
0 ±).

We had to learn over
the years that we have to take the results of the drive experiments also
seriously when the results seem for the time being paradoxical or incomprehensible.
Here for example the question stands before us: How is it possible that the ego
analysis of the abandonment indicates the same processes as that of femininity?
Does the femininity really go along ‑- in isolated and pure form (Sch = 0 ±) -‑ with
abandonment? To this question we can say the following at present: First of all
the ego analytic experiment testing discloses constantly only the functional
essential structure of the deep mental processes, which stand behind the
phenomenon, never however the thematic,
that is the contents, with which the concerned ego functions “work.”
That will thus mean: The mental processes of participation and inflation can be
ego psychological the same with
abandonment and femininity without
also the contents of these two
processes being the same. If we want to uncover the contents and not only the function mode with our experimental
procedure, then according to the choice test procedure we must employ the
“method of factor picture associations.”12 Secondly, the
ego functional connection between abandonment and femininity receives a
particular meaning when we try to interpret it under the aspect of an integrated ego. The integrated ego
contains, as is well known, both ego parts ‑- both the Moll ego and the
Dur ego ‑- completely in itself. In the ego form of the Moll ego (Sch = 0 ±) is missing in fact the
Dur ego (Sch = ± 0), which completes
the whole ego and which is placed into the background. It would not be
therefore too daring to assume that the Moll ego became abandoned mentally in fact
by the Dur ego. The femininity would be
thus constantly a condition of inner abandonment ‑- namely abandoned by
its own and its complementary masculinity.

Here one could
object that the masculine Dur ego in its extreme manifestation (Sch = ± 0) is likewise “abandoned” by its own femininity, which
it placed into the background (Sch = 0
±); it lives nevertheless free from the feeling of abandonment. This is
indeed quite often so. The man defeats his femininity and his abandonment
precisely with his Dur ego, that is, with the compulsion of his taking a
position (k ±) against the
constantly present Moll ego tendencies. And because he possesses the power of
the Dur ego, he denies everything that is weak. Despite all this however in the
background continues to work the compulsive femininity in dreams, furthermore
in the choice in love, in friendship, and often also in occupation. The more
masculine the Dur ego may appear, all the more strongly is his wish to
“abandon” the feminine partner or -- in socialized form -- to
protect  the “abandoned.”
The operation of the “abandoned” of the background ego is thus here
genotropic.

2. The Inner Dialectic of Ego Contraction

Those complementary
opposites in the radical k take place
between the two basic functions of introjection
and negation and between affirmation and denial. In particular this dialectic a) appears in the compulsive ego and b) in the masculine Dur ego.

a)
The Compulsive Ego

In the first
volume of “Triebpathologie” the compulsion phenomenon was
represented in such detail (1) as clinical phenomena, (2) as symptom formation,
and (3) as defense mechanism so that we have to be concerned here -- with
reference to that discussed there 13 -- only briefly with the
question of the inner dialectic.

1. Under the ego dialectic
aspect, compulsion steps into action whenever in the foreground the affirmation
of a striving collides in an ambivalent way with the denial of the same. Compulsion is the inner dialectic product of
that complementary coexistence of introjection and negation.

2. Functionally, compulsion represents an
ego systolic k democratic process, with
which the ego’s taking a position continuously
is weighed out and arrives at a result according to the two possible poles of
affirmation and denial where both possibilities are necessary for its
equilibrium. Thus the compulsive ego decides to detach itself from solving
questions in one way.. Outwardly the compulsive
person seems to stand in a corner and to think. The compulsive ego hesitates
and doubts constantly the correctness of a one-sided position. The compulsive
ego says neither yes only nor no only; it says both and prevents therefore that
the striving threatening danger or action in its original form is carried out
or completely repressed. The goal of constricting the expansion needs is thus
achieved for the time being. The dangerous need is vacated with compulsion (k ±) from wish consciousness (p 0).

3. In addition,
the inner dialectic with the compulsion process can go another way. Since each
need, which has penetrated into wish consciousness and induced it to expand,
consists constantly of two opposite strivings, the ego systolic reaction can
achieve its goals halfway in such a
way that one striving of the need is affirmed
(k+) and one, on the other hand, is denied (k‑). This manner of the compulsive
contraction was understood by S. Freud in particular as simultaneously a “reaction
formation” and a “repression” with compulsion neurosis. The
compulsion neurotics represses (k‑, p 0) the anal demands and introjects the exaggerated cleanliness into
the ego (k+, p 0). Thus develops the reaction formation in the character.

4. The final
goal of any compulsive process is constantly: To maintain the unity of the radical k and to secure the operation of
contracting by maintaining the coexistence of introjection and negation.

Compulsion is
dialectically an intronegation, which serves to secure with these two the same goal
setting complementary functions of ego systole for itself. It means the
hardest and the most masculine overcoming of the feminine needs for expansion.

b)
The Masculine and the Paternal, Patriarchal Dur Ego

The previous
remarks in which we have advanced in the discussion of the Moll ego must be strongly
considered also with the Dur ego. The ego analytic investigations of the
“masculine” refer not to a “particular” man but to the essence of masculinity in the ego as
well with the man as also with the woman. Here we have to answer the same three
questions as posed for the Moll ego:

I. To the process of the introjection (k+) we must
attribute the following essential traits for masculinity:

1. The drive to take into possession without
reservation the sexual object or the have object. The taking into
possession of the object happens on the basis of one’s ancestor picture
of the mother or the father. This ancestor image is however with the choice of the ego
already rooted firmly by incorporation and introjection. We judge the fundamental
difference in the essences of femininity
and masculinity precisely in the fact that the object choice with femininity is
originally of a participative projective
nature and with masculinity of an introjective one. In one’s
development history one must assume also a projective phase with the masculine
kind of choice for that time period, which, however, very soon leads ‑-
precisely after the separation from the parents ‑- to the introprojection
(Sch = + -) and then to pure
introjection (Sch = + 0). The actual choice of the
“strange” object happens here thus on the basis an already completed
introjection picture. If a person (man or woman) chooses thus purely by participative
projection driven from the ego’s wish to
be one and the same with the partner, then the choosing court is the Moll ego, thus the femininity doing the
selecting. However if a person (man or woman) chooses by pure introjection, that is, driven from the
drive, to take in possession the
partner, to incorporate the partner with all that accompanies her or him into the
ego, and simply thus to have
completely, then the choice-steering
court is the Dur ego, thus the masculinity
being the choosing person. Since
the “particular” woman and the “particular” man possess
a mixture of a Moll ego and a Dur ego, some individuals select both among the women
and among the men by participative projection and others however purely by
introjection or introprojection. On the basis of this fact, we can divide the formation
of pairs in love and marriage into the following three categories:

First marriage category: Moll ego x Moll ego: Here the partners select
themselves mutually by participative projection and on the basis of their feminine side, which must be one,
the same and related with the
other.

Second marriage category: Dur ego x Dur ego: Here the choice on both sides is
steered by the introjective ancestor picture and thus from the masculine side
of the ego that wants to possess the
partner.

Third marriage
category: Moll ego x Dur ego: Here
one of the partners chooses by participative projection and the other one
however by introjection. That means: The
one selects woman-like, the other masculine-like.

The two first
categories are concordant and the third
discordant regarding the
choice-steering court. With this discordant choice naturally also the woman through
her Dur ego and the man through his Moll ego can enter into marriage. Missing
at present is the answer to the question: Which marriage category has the best
prospects for a happy and lasting life together? At present and the only ego psychological
fact established is that the introjective choosing Dur ego represents a later
stage in development. Whether it also brings more fortune and is of a more
faithful nature is to be examined empirically in the future.

2. The second
characteristic of masculinity is the drive after property (house, land,
material valuable objects) and the drive after knowledge, after an occupation, after
position and a “good” name etc. These traits are all introjection
products.

3. The have ideals of the masculine are
likewise of an introjective nature. One can say: Masculinity possesses ideal
objects, which it must have, and femininity
strives for its being ideals.

4. The world
view of the masculine is materialistic,
realistic, positivistic, and rationalistic because the Dur ego is of an introjective nature and strives for
ideals of having.

The feminine however strives for ideals
of being because the projective and inflative
characters precisely orient themselves according to the spiritual and is tailored rather to non-materialism, idealism, and irrationality.

5.
The orientation to the external, the connection to the world, and the incorporation
of the perceptions of the world are introjective traits of the masculine. The extraverted
type is masculine (also with women!). Since the femininity is conditioned by
the p ego, it is oriented in
particular to the internal and thus, with
both sexes, is introverted.

6. The power through
having (k+), the untiring striving for this having power, is an introjective product of masculinity.
This having power increases more frequently to omnipotence and leads to the going-astray condition of autistic undisciplined behavior with
both sexes and, in particular, in the context of the family, in business, in
the office, in politics and in other areas of action. If the masculine strives
for having power, then the feminine seeks
after being power (p+). The masculinity
of the Dur ego seizes the power through
having, the femininity however through being.
With masculinity lurks the danger of omnipotence
and with femininity that of being
everything. Both lead finally to pathological impotence.

7. The patriarchal father right gave in
the past -- and still gives occasionally today ‑- the masculine the right
in the area of the family to satisfy without punishment all his introjective
demands: The drive to take into possession, to possess have ideals, and to have
omnipotence. If the mother takes over the father right, then she often exercises
this still more cruelly. The devastating operation of this without-punishment
and without-limits father right turns the family members into subjects. From
the practice of psychoanalysis this is well known. Mother right however keeps
constantly the fundamental traits from its origin in participation, and all its
excesses are due to the drive to be one and the same with the members. These
are the results of being power of the maternal.

*

II. The
following traits of the masculine are based on the opposite ego systolic process
of negation:

1.
The capability to adapt in time, space, environment, situations and so on. [Unpunctuality,
bad orientation in space, and inability to adapt to environmental situations
belong to the character of femininity (k 0) and indeed both with the man and with
the woman.]

2. The social ability of the masculine to
adapt its inflative demands to the possibility of reality and to work well despite
the inflation (Sch = ± +) is certainly
one of the most important advantages of the Dur ego.

3. Destruction
of the imagination [Disimagination],
thus the iconoclastic destruction of the values and the ideals of the internal
and the external world; revolt, and destruction are the results of a
quantitatively excessively dammed-up negation desire of the masculine.
Revolutions are made by masculine men and masculine women. The hunger strike --
exercised by men or by women be it in a prison or in a lunatic asylum ‑-
is constantly the masculine taking a negative position against the environment (Sch = +/-! 0 or +/-! ‑).

4. The running away from an uncomfortable
situation (Sch = ± ‑), the compulsive wandering
about, and being a globetrotter are masculine
defense reactions.

5. The masculine and nearly compulsive pedantry (Sch = ±
0) belongs likewise partly into this negative
category of ego systolic masculinity.

6. The patriarchal prohibitions and the
family of taboo laws originate all from the negation tendency of father right.

*

The identity of
the two elementary functions of introjection and negation with the compulsion ego and with the Dur ego is easier to understand than the
functional identity with the abandoned ego and the Moll ego. The essence of the masculine always exists
in the overcoming of internal or external dangers and resistances. If the feminine
becomes constantly threatened from the fate of being abandoned -- one time from
a real man and another time from the man whom the person carries latently in
herself or himself -- then masculinity is always endangered through the fate of
cold compulsions.

The more the Dur
ego strives to separate itself from its antipode, from the Moll ego, all the
more power it must waste on this effort to hold the feminine in the background.
This frequent striving of the Dur ego is already misconceived thereby because through
the suppression of the Moll ego the power of the compulsive character constantly
grows. Ego psychologically there is only one solution to be aimed at here: The integration of the masculine and the feminine
in the foreground in the total form: Sch
= ± ± or in the more
partial form: Sch = ± +. The
pure inner dialectic of the masculine in the form of Sch = ± 0 leads sooner or later constantly to the compulsion
fate.

The essential
differences between femininity and masculinity in the ego are summarized in Table
8.

Table
8. Essential Differences Between Femininity and Masculinity in the Ego

The
ego →

The
Moll ego =

Femininity

Sch
= 0 ±

The
Dur ego =

Masculinity

Sch
= ± 0

Basic Idea ↓

I.

Ego radical:

Expansion =

Ego diastole.

Factor

p

Contraction  =

Ego systole.

Factor

k

II.

Elementary ego
functions as doubled bifunction of:

1. Being one and the
same with the other:

Participation.

2.
Doubling and expanding of the ego: Inflation.

p-

p+

1. Incorporation of

objects: Introjection.

2. Denial = Negation or destroying =

destruction

k+

k
-

k
-!!

III.

Choice in love
through:

Projection.

p-

Introjection (respectively

introprojection).

k+

k+, p-

IV.

The person
looks for satisfaction in love, in
the family and so on through:

Coalescence [melting into], through
being one and the same with the other.

p-

Incorporation of the object with all that belongs to
it.

k+

V.

Form of the
ideal formation:

Being ideal (idealism).

p+

Have ideal (realism).

k+

VI.

Form of
relationship between persons

Double unit (dual

union) with
partner,

child, family.

p-

p+

Master

and subject.

k+

k-

VII.

Form of the
power:

Being power: power through being
able to be everything

p+

Have power: power through will
have everything.

k+

VIII.

Form of the
self-love

Being narcissism.

p+

Have narcissism.

k+

IX.

The
relationship between persons develop through:

Living through and empathizing with.

p+

Compulsion and prohibition (taboo).

k-

X.

Basic form of
the character:

Introverted and orientation inward.

p±

Extraverted. Orientation outward.

k±

XI.

Form of
adaptation:

Participative inflative.

p±

Reality testing.

k±

XII.

Form of the
society:

Matriarchy, mother right.

p±

Patriarchy,
father right.

k±

XIII.

Form of the ego
danger:

1. Abandonment,

2. Inflation: Being everything,

3. Projection.

p±

p+

p-

1. Compulsion illness,

2. Autism: Omnipotence,

3. Negativism

(Destruction),

4. Running away

k±

k+

k-!

k± (p-)

XIV.

Form of the
world view:

Spirituality: Irrational, unrealistic,  not materialistic, idealistic

p+

p-

Materiality: rationalistic,

realistic,
positivistic, materialistic

k+

k-

Chapter XVIII

DIALECTIC BETWEEN

THE FOREGROUND EGO

AND THE BACKGROUND EGO

I.
The Classification of the Ego Forms and the Defense Mechanisms

We call the foreground ego [Vorder‑Ich] the
concatenation of those elementary functions of the ego that as the inherent or
actually stronger activities penetrate into the foreground of the ego life.

The background ego [Hinter‑Ich] is however the
connection of those elementary functions of the whole ego that as inherent or actually
weaker functions are placed into the background of the ego life.

Foreground ego
and background ego constitute together the wholeness of the ego. They represent
opposite ego functions; they move antithetic against each other, yet they complement each other reciprocally in a
unit that we call the integrated or whole
ego (Sch = ± ±). The inner dialectic between the foreground
ego and the background ego causes the largest inner tension of the ego life,
yet this was nearly completely ignored in previous ego theories and also by us.
Their importance became only evident by the acceptance of a foreground and a background
in the mental life. Their recognition was made possible by the complement method, which we communicated
in 1952.14 Their importance in the interpretation of present and future
ego fates grows to the degree that we are able to expand the dialectic manner
of this essential viewpoint.

In the Experimentellen
Triebdiagnostik the ego analysis was built up then exclusively on the foreground
ego.15 Today, since we regard the ego functions in the light of a
complete cooperation of a foreground and a background ego dialectic, we must
state that the ego analysis used there was only half of an analysis. The
completion of this ego analysis with the missing half is one of the most
important tasks of this book. Why? Because the background ego is, in our
opinion, functionally neither seemingly dead nor paralyzed. We have a basis to
assume -- and it can be proved -- that the background ego through its noteworthy
diverse modes of action gives empirically detectable indications of its
existence. We must only seize and understand these indications. And still more:
In the everyday appearing phenomena of
the ego life both ego halves are always present together. We saw however
only the foreground half because we had until then no accurate method with
whose assistance we could have separated the sphere of activity of the foreground
ego from that of the background ego. On the basis of the dialectic between the
foreground and the background it is already possible to determine today the
corresponding background ego for each foreground ego and thus to answer the
question:

What is brought
about in the ego life of the person by the foreground ego and what by the background
ego?

Only through this dialectic means of ego
analysis can we interpret the actual working
of the whole ego and understand the experimentally attained ego form.

Before we now treat
the modes of action of the background ego, we must explain -- on the basis of the
principle of the theoretical complementary
profile (Th. K.P.)16 all the 16 possible foreground ego pictures
-- those completing the whole with the background ego pictures and working continuously
together. This complementary connection is represented in Table 9.

In this table we
grouped the 16 experimentally recorded ego pictures in such a way that this classification
without any changes can be placed also in the service of the defense theories. The basis of this classification
was naturally determined by the four kinds
of elementary functions of the ego.

We speak of (I.)
a projection group, (II.) an inflation group, (III.) an introjection group, and (IV.) a negation
group of ego forms.

The pure form of these ego forms result
in the four extreme so-called total forms
of the corresponding category. Each elementary function is, however, mostly
connected with other functions in a function chain. This is the basis precisely
for the fact that the total operation of the leading basic function is weakened
and thus the danger for the totality in the operation is repelled. We call
those ego forms in which an elementary function is reduced by chain connection according
to the kind of the elementary function: Deprojection
and respectively deflation, deintrojection
and denegation. The “de”
as präfixum privativum [private prefix] means that in these
ego forms the extreme danger-bringing
unifunctions of projection respectively inflation, introjection and negation are reduced in their effects by the
chain-like attached other functions.

The reductions defending against the
danger are managed one time by compulsion
(k ±), other times by inhibition
(k‑,  p+), by inflation (p+) or by
introjection (k+). For example the danger of the unifunction of the so-called total
projection (Sch = 0 ‑) can be reduced by coupling it with
introjection (k+). Thus arises the deprojection
form of the so-called introprojection: Sch
= + ‑. Through the circumstance that the projection is directed not
on to an exterior object but toward one's
own ego in which the ego refers projection contents (for example, the
accusation) to itself, the social
consequence of the total projection is decreased. The self-accusations of a melancholic
person (Sch = + ‑) are constantly socially less harmless than
the constant quarrelling, being litigious, being injured, and being persecuted
delusions of a paranoid (Sch = 0 ‑).

In addition, the deprojective reduction
of total projection can be managed by the compulsion mechanism (k ±). Thus develops the so-called “paroxysmal running-away
ego”: Sch = ± ‑. Here the original total
projection (Sch = 0 ‑) is held back with compulsion (k ±), and the
person abandons the place on the spot, where he or she was spurred on by the
projection object to delusion formations and delusional actions. He or she simply
runs away or becomes a globetrotter and relaxes tension in that way.

The total projection can also become
reduced by inhibition (Sch ‑ +).
Thus arises the ego form of estrangement: Sch
= ‑ ± in which the
danger of total projection (Sch = 0 ‑)
is reduced by the simultaneous inhibition (Sch
‑ +) of the projection
tendency (p‑). The estrangement
condition is the mental result of the inhibited projection.

Total projection (Sch = 0 ‑) is relatively harmless if it is coupled
with inflation (p+). Thus through inflative projection originates the form of abandonment
(Sch = 0 ±) in which the
paranoid accusations (Sch = 0 ‑) are always heard together with
it, but through the doubling in fantasy or delusion the person succeeds
nevertheless in that he is at the same time the beloved and the abandoned one. Consequently
the anti-social operation of total projection (the accusation and persecution delusion)
is decreased.

These examples are sufficient in order presently
to understand the sense of the processes of deprojection, deflation, deintrojection
and denegation. All these “de” ego processes will be analyzed in
detail later in the theories of defense. Here we had to mention these processes
in order to make understandable the organization of the 16 foreground and background
ego formations.

Two ego fates still to be included in
the four main groups follow: That of “integration” (Sch = ± ±) and that of “disintegration”
(Sch = 0 0). Thus we have succeeded being
able to interpret experimentally at present 16 ego fates that we can organize
in six main groups that at the same
time represent also the six kinds of
defense protection of the ego. In order to be able to grasp rapidly the
completing and cooperating of the foreground ego with its background ego in
each variation of the 16 possible ego fates at the borders in Table 9 are shown
which ego analytic functions and which clinical forms match the foreground and the
background ego existences. In the middle of the table we find the test
indications of the foreground and background egos that in all 16 variations according
to the complementary theory yield together the form of the whole ego (Sch = ±
±). We must practice therein on the basis of this compilation for each
foreground ego form how one can read and in addition interpret the completing background
ego specifically belonging to it. The two ego fates belong together.

Table
9. Those Completing Working-Together of

the 16 Foreground Ego and Background
Ego Existences

The
Foreground ego

The
Background ego

No.

Ego Functions

Ego
Form

Sch =

Sch =

Ego
Functions

Ego
Form

No.

I. Projection Ego Group

1

Total Projection

The projective paranoid

0 -

±  +

Inflation held
back with compulsion

The masculine,
compulsive working, and inflative ego. Work compulsion.

8

Deprojections

2

Inflative projection

The abandoned Moll
ego

0 ±

± 0

Intronegation

The compulsive Dur ego

12

3

Introprojection

The autistic ego

+ -

- +

Negated inflation

Inhibition

9

4

Projection

with compulsion

The paroxysmal

running-away ego

± -

0 +

Total inflation

The inflative

paranoid

6

5

Inhibited

projection

Estrangement

- ±

+ 0

Total

Introjection

The masculine,

material have
ego

10

II. Inflation Ego Group

6

Total inflation

The inflative

paranoid

0 +

± -

Projection

with compulsion

The paroxysmal

running-away ego

4

Deflations

7

Introinflation

The totally
narcissistic ego

+ +

-  -

Negation with

projection

Adaptation,

accommodation

14

8

Inflation with compulsion

The masculine,
compulsive working, and inflative ego. Work compulsion.

± +

0 -

Total

projection

The projective

paranoid

1

9

Negated

inflation

Inhibition

- +

+ -

Introprojection

The autistic

ego

3

III. Introjection Ego Group

10

Total introjection

The masculine,

material have
ego

+ 0

- ±

Inhibited

projection

Estrangement

5

Deintrojections

11

Introjection with

inflative projection

The feminine

have ego

+ ±

- 0

Total negation

Repression

13

12

Intronegation

The compulsive

Dur ego

± 0

0 ±

Inflative

projection

Abandoned

Moll ego

2

IV. Negation Ego
Group

13

Total negation

Repression

- 0

+ ±

Introjection with inflative

projection

The feminine

have ego

11

Denegation

14

Negation with

projection

Adaptation,

accommodation

- -

+ +

Introinflation

The totally
narcissistic ego

7

V. Integration -
Disintegration

15

Total integration

The integrated

whole ego

± ±

0 0

Total disintegration

Ego loss, ego change,
twilight condition

16

16

Total disintegration

Ego loss, ego change,
twilight condition

0 0

± ±

Total

integration

The integrated

whole ego

15

II. Complementary Ego Fates*

[*This second part is not covered at this
time.]

End Notes

1 For details see the third part:
“Das Ich und der Glaube” [“The Ego and Faith”].

2 Triebpathologie [Drive
Pathology], Bd. I, p. 415 ff., im besonderen [in particular] p. 424.

3 SZONDI, L.: Experimentelle
Triebdiagnostik [Experimental Drive Diagnostic], p. 234 (Triebklasse [Drive
Class] Sch p+).

4 WALDER, H.: Triebstruktur und
Kriminalität [Drive Structure and Criminality]. Abhandlungen zur exp.
Triebforschung und Schicksalspsychologie [Papers on Experimental Drive Research and Fate
Psychology]. Hrg. v. L. SZONDI. Nr.
1. H. Huber, Bern‑Stuttgart 1952. p. 29 ff.

5 Vgl. hiezu [On this, see]
Triebpathologie, Bd. I, p. 342 f., p. 369 ff.

6 Experimentelle Triebdiagnostik [Experimental
Drive Diagnostics], pp. 181‑183.

7 Ibid.

8 Triebpathologie, Bd. I, pp. 89‑91,
Rubr. [categories] k und p, Tab. 4b
und 4d.

9 SZ0NDI, L.: Triebpathologie, Bd. I, pp. 184‑186 ff.

10 Vgl. hiezu [About this see] MALIN0WSKI,
B.: Das Geschlechtsleben der Wilden [The Sexual Life of Savages].
Grethlein & Co., Leipzig-Zürich. p. 2 ff. (Die Grundlagen des
Mutterrechtes [The Foundation of Mother Right].)

11 Triebpathologie, Bd. I, p. 406 ff.

12 SZ0NDI, L.: Experimentelle
Triebdiagnostik. 1947. pp. 29‑38.

13 Triebpathologie, Bd. I, pp. 461‑473
ff.

14 Ibid., pp. 198‑234.

15 Exp. Triebdiagnostik. 1947. pp.
127‑207.

16 Triebpathologie, Bd. I, p. 199 ff.