VIII. Dialectic Ego Analysis

From

Lipot Szondi, Ich-Analyse [= Ego Analysis]

Translated by

Arthur C. Johnston

© 2008<= /p>
By Arthur C. Johnston, PhD

Please Observe: The copyright of this article (in German or = in English) belongs to the Szondi Institute and to Dr. Arthur C. Johnston. Thi= s means you may not duplicate this article without their permissions.

SECTION III

DIALECTIC* EGO ANALYSIS

[ Editor: *dialectics =3D a theory of polarities, antitheses, contrarieties.]

INTERNAL EGO DIALECTIC

THE INTERNAL DEFENSE THEORIES

Essences and Form= s of the Internal Ego Dialectic

We call mental dialectic generally those c= ooperative opposite psychological functions that condition and maintain the unity of the soul.

Under “internal ego dialectic” we must sum up only those reactions of opposite movements of complementary opposition, which within the ego as mutually complet= ing ego-like opposite functions con= dition and protect the internal unity = of the whole ego. Through the internal ego dialectic, consequently, it defends aga= inst the internal ego dangers -- thu= s the dangers through the unifunctions of an elementary function or an ego factor= .

In opposit= ion to this stands the external ego-dr= ive dialectic and the external ego-= affect dialectic. This is outside of the e= go between the border drives (sexual drive and contact drive) and furthermore between = the paroxysmal drive (affect life) and the ego that moves against them and secures the com= plete mental life. Fate Analysis calls the outer ego-drive dialectic and ego-affe= ct dialectic the external defense func= tion of the ego.

The three = main forms of the internal ego diale= ctic are:

I. The between factorial ego dialectic, dialectic between ego expansion (ego diastole) (p), and ego constriction (ego-systole) (k);

II. The inner factorial tendency dialectic within the same ego fact= or;

III. The dialectic between the foreground ego [Vorder-Ich] and the ba= ckground ego [Hinter-Ich].

Chapter XVI

THE BETWEEN FACTORIAL EGO DIALECTIC

Dialectic Between= Ego Expansion (Ego Diastole)

and

Ego Constriction = (Ego Systole)=

If one ask= s about the particulars in the fate analytic ego theory, then we must mention above= all the fact that this was developed on the dialectic and the complementary opposite movement of two opposing functions, ego expansion (ego diastole) a= nd ego constriction (ego systole).

= ;

I. Ego Diastole

I. We call ego diastole the “human” need to make conscious unconscious contents and through that to expand the ego field.

Through th= is need the ego develops for itsel= f ego consciousness, in particular h= owever wish consciousness. Animals hav= e only a perception possibility. They themselves are not conscious that they wish or what they wish. The satisfaction of the demands with animals di= scharges unconsciously. Humans alone are beings who know the need to make unconsciou= s drive striving conscious and to satisfy them consciously. The prototype of the ego diastole is, in our opinion, in one’s development history is participation, thus the need to be= one and the same with the other. Through having a part in the other, one extends the power field of the still unconscious ego. For a while the participative dem= and of humans is still unconscious. Only when the participation -- the unconsci= ous union between two beings, between mother and child ‑- encounters real obsta= cles and when the participative dual union becomes impossible to realize begins = the first making conscious of the demand: To maintain further the dual union participation with the mother.

The becoming conscious of the original wish, to be one = with the mother again, creates the ego. The birth of the ego is thus the re= sult of two processes. These are: (1.) The real crisis in the participation, thu= s in the dual union with the mother; (2.) the human drive to restore consciously again the lost being one with the mother. The birth of the ego begins in the moment in which the child is forced to perceive the twoness, the real separation between the mother and him himself. This perception of the duali= ty, the being two and not being one, occurs only then when the wish for being o= ne with the mother has already became conscious.

One can reconstruct therefore the processes in the ego birth theoretically in the following steps:

1. Unconscious being one with the mo= ther =3D participation =3D p‑ = phase.

2. Crisis = in the participation, in the dual union between child and mother; abandonment =3D = p ± phase.

3. Becomin= g conscious of the wish to reestablish the participative dual union; and the perception= of being two; the p+ phase.

Thus is laid the foundation stone of= wish consciousness and ego consciousne= ss.

From now on one can speak of a conscious “ego.”<= /o:p>

The first content of wish consciousness is thus the longing after the participative b= eing one, thus the wish, himself to cling to the mother with mouth and hand (I. = Hermann), like at the time of the original participation. On the one hand the repetit= ion compulsion of the paradise-like being one with the mother and on the other hand -- accompanying these needs being unsatisfied -‑ the perception of being tw= o thus creates the ego.

4. After t= he wish consciousness and ego consciousness were thus set up, henceforth constantly= arise new demands from out of the unconscious (p‑) into wish consciousness (p+) wh= ere the wish consciousness always thus = expands further and further.

We say: The expansion of wish consciousness is= the result of a specific human ego need, which we call the ego diastole and ego= expanding ego need. This ego need is determined through the p drive need that as a radical causes the following phenomena:<= o:p>

1. Pure participation as primary projection and furthermore as secondary pathological projection:= p‑.

2. Projective inflation: p ±.

3. Inflation: p+.

4. Evacuation of consciousness, absence of the p function in the foreground: p0.

1. The Original Participation

Original participation (p‑) is called the demand: To be one and the same with the object. This original function of the ego is at the beginning still unconscious. It appears with the child as the unconscious phase of the dual union, in which no separation between the ego world and the you world takes place. The world picture is still participative, adual, that is, established without twoness. This adual participation however occurs, as we in the anal= ysis of the elementary ego have already emphasized, on the basis of a primary projection. The child transfers out the power of his being onto the mother = and has thus ‑- by being one with the mother – a share of the power= of the mother. In this sense one is thus entitled to count also this original phase of the participation as the p= rojective ego diastolic ego function. The legitimacy for this interpretation rece= ived its empirical confirmation by the experiments with the drive test. Primitive native people, whose ego stage according to Lévy‑Bruhl is participation, gave in the experiment actually to a considerable degree the= ego picture of projection adopted by C. G. Jung and me for participation. Thus = the test ego pictures: Sch =3D 0 ‑= , 0 ‑! ! , + ‑! or ‑ ‑! !. (Investigations of E. Percy with Bush= Negroes.) Cultured people, who from any= ‑- mostly pathological ‑- basis regress to the original form of participative thinking, supplied the same projective ego picture.^{1 The
connection of participation to the elementary function of projection is thus
also experimentally proven.}

2. Projective Inflation

This kind of ego diastole appears in= two forms: a) As abandonment, b) as = the feminine matriarchal Moll [soft] ego. These ego processes we will treat l= ater with the so-called tendency ego dia= lectic to understand there the abandonment as also the Moll ego as consequence of = an intra-factorial ego dialectic within the drive radical p. Both are ego conditions in which projection and inflation are active at the same time in the foreground.

3. Inflation

Inflation (p+) is the democratic [katexochen] ego diastole. We have characterized inflation as the elementary strivings of th= e ego after being everything. The ego= field is boundlessly extended by the demand to be everything. It places itself in an actual ego dilation that very often works within itself by being dange= rous to the whole fate of the person. Functionally these ego expansions occur by= the fact that unconscious strivings without resistance can occupy wish consciousness up to obsession. In this obsession [Besessenheit] th= e ego is not able to perceive any longer= the contradictions of the opposites of the demands pushing into wish consciousn= ess. The inflative obsessed ego believes synchronously to be able to be both (mother and child, man and woman, animal = and human, God and servant, angel and Satan and so on). We say: Inflation is the condition in which the ego solves th= e intolerable opposites in such a way that it simply does not perceive the contradiction.=

The original basis for this inflatio= n we may assume to be phylogenetic in the wish to be a two sexual being and, in = one’s developmental history, in the wish to be oneself mother and child, that is = to be both and thus to be everything. Through the inflation the child chooses to un= ite the power of the mother and its own being synchronously in himself. He does= not need the power-giving mother any longer, since he becomes the mother. We ar= e inclined to consider the act of the suckling (blissful sucking) the symbol of this inflation whereby the finger represents the substitute mother.² = Thus the suckling child becomes a double= being of child and mother.

The same thing happens ego psychologically in masturbation. The ego of the masturbating child doubles itself (p+). It is one part the= wish-longing child, who longs himself after being one with the mother, the other part al= so the mother, who gives pleasure to it. In the act of suckling and masturbati= on the child can satisfy both the phylogenetic desire for the two sexual being= as well as the ontogenetic demand to be one with the mother. In both acts the child experiences for the first time the condition of inflation. He has dou= bled himself in the ego.

Under path= ological conditions inflation often appears with adults as addiction or as megalom= ania [greatness delusion] or as swin= dling with deceitful aims, or even as a murderer.^{3 4} We summarize all these ego conditions in the concept of the paranoid, and, according to whet= her projection or inflation becomes stronger, we speak of a “projective” or “inflative” paranoid.

The appearance of ego diastole is thus very diverse: Participation (with primitiv= es and with children), projective paranoid, abandonment of the ego, the matriarchal Moll ego, pure inflation, obsession [possession], ambitendency, excessive craving in infancy (sucking, masturbation), addiction illnesses of adults, the inflative paranoid, and certain criminality forms are all ego diastolic ego fates. As a part= icular type of character of ego diastole we have already mentioned the introverted type of Jung and Rorsc= hach.

4. The Complete Absence of Ego Diast= ole

We call the complete absence of ego diastole &#= 8220;evacuation,” the emptying of wish consciousness. This will be discussed in detail wi= th the external defense mechanisms.

II. Ego Systole

This completing and opposite functio= n of ego diastole is ego systole.

Ego systol= e is the human need to contract and to limit the boundlessly expanding ego field= .

If the radical “k,” thus the ego systole, were completely missing = in the ego, then the ego field, th= e wish consciousness and ego consciousness, with each person would expand thus boundlessly, as it indeed happens precisely with the pathological projective and inflative paranoids. The radical k with its restricting function ensures the fact that the human ego and thus = the fate of mankind itself do not lose themselves boundlessly and continuously = in the direction of the paranoid.

The ego systole is that completing (complementary) opposing ego opposite ego diastole that precisely through constriction secures the unity and thus the health of the ego.

Ego systole executes this securing of the unity and the health of the ego through the radical taking of a position [Stellungnahme] against all strivings t= hat extend the ego field through participation, or secondary projection, or inflation,= in sum through ego diastole seeking to expand boundlessly.

Ego systol= e is thus the constricting taking a position against ego expansion. Therefore, we call this ego part: The position-ta= king ego [das stellungnehmende Ich].

The position-taking ego was called in older consciousness and thinking psychologies simply the “will,” an expression, which we avoid where possibl= e in ego analysis because of the term’s philosophical manifold loaded mean= ings. We have already discussed the two leading kinds of taking a position: Introjection as an affirmation positio= n and negation as denial. As a th= ird manner of position-taking functions the synchronous bifunction: The intronegation, which we have a= nalyzed partly as compulsion (k±) and partly as the masculine patriarchal Dur [hard] ego.

The fourth variation, the complete absence of the position-taking in the foreground (k0), is called: Ego weakness or loss of position-taking.<= /o:p>

1. Introjection

= ;

By introjection the ego can make harm= less many dangerous strivings and indeed through that action make have interests (k) out of being tendencies (p). Everything that the diastolic = ego would like to be can by means o= f incorporation be reduced to having interests. Thus the danger of the expansion in being is defended through the safe being interested in something for itself.

= ;

If a perso= n wants to be, for example, omnipotent like God, then he is mad. If he introjects however the demands to be like God into his ego and makes out of the inflat= ive being tendencies scientific interests in mythology, religion, and religion psychology, then he has defended against the danger of insanity through inflation by the incorporation of the being striving into the k ego. Henceforth he does not want= any more to be God; he is content that he harbors a particular interest in the = gods, and thus he becomes a researcher in mythology or religion. Many occupation = choices occur ‑- as we have shown ‑- by introjection of the threatening inflative or projective being striving. In place of the demand to be this or that (for example, to be a woman with the man, to b= e a man with the woman, to be a murderer or homicidal killer like a Cain or to = be a criminal, or to be persecuted, etc.) appears through the ego systole as adequate interests: Gynecology, judicial medicine, forensic psychiatry, pub= lic prosecutor's office and so on.

Many diastolic strivings as being fa= te [Seinsschicksal] are dropped in life and reduced to character traits, which imprint the ego = and express themselves in occupation personalities. Character formation by incorporatio= n is, in our opinion, likewise an unconscious taking a position by the ego systol= e. The ego systole is able thus to secure the unity and the health of the ego = through its introjection capability by means of the restriction of the being sphere= s through interests, occupation choice, and character formation.

Quite ofte= n the ego systolic taking a position must be content with setting a relatively more easily bearable an= d also less anti-social systolic introjective symptom in place of a very dangerous diastolic ego illness (paranoia). This transformation of the symptom through the operation of the ego systole thereby forms an introjective illness symp= tom out of a projective or inflative symptom by incorporation of the sick diast= olic strivings. Into this converting category of introjection we have classified= symptoms in the first volume Drive Pathology as the depressive, the masochist= ic, and the fetishistic.⁵

As one of the most important systolic functions we have to cons= ider compulsion.

2. Compulsion as Consequence of Intr= onegation

Compulsion= is according to our ego analysis the coupled bifunction of introjection and negation. We call this bifunction = intronegation. This expresses itse= lf clearly in the ego form of compulsion: Sch =3D ± 0, thus in the k ± ego reaction.

Also the patriarchal Dur hard ego is an = intronegation. Since the dialectic here is of an intra-factorial nature, we will discuss t= hese dialectic processes only later with the tendency ego dialectic.<= /span>

3. Negation

Negation (= k‑) is ̴= 9;- as we already explained ‑- the most frequent taking a position of the ego opposite projection, inflation, abandonment and/or femininity. Those denying and renouncing taking of a position express themselves as adaptation (Sch =3D ‑ ‑), as inhibition (Sch =3D ‑= ; +) and often also as sick repression (Sch = ‑ 0) or estrangement (Sch =3D ‑ ±). The detailed discussio= n of these manners of the systolic position-taking remains reserved for the next part on the external defense doctrines. There we will discuss dialectically also the quantitative hyper negation and catatonic forms of negativism.

4. The Complete Abolition of Ego Systole

The complete giving up of any taking a position<= /i> in the foreground is dynamic dialectically called the giving up of the dialectic between ego systole and ego diastole. It has as a result: The uninhibited projection (Sch =3D 0 ‑) or inflation (Sch =3D 0 +) or the abandonment a= nd/or the femininity (Sch =3D 0 ±) or more rarely also the = complete disintegration, which is the loss of the ego (Sch =3D 0 0) in th= e foreground.             &nb= sp;

*

= ;

The ego systole as the imprinting and incorporating= ego function is therefore the condition for any kind of symptom and character f= ormation in the area of neurosis formation. The loss of any ego systole is often an = indication of a possible psychosis (inflative or projective paranoid) or of the abandonment of masculine strivings (homosexuality with the man or femininit= y). In the study of character, ego systole plays an important role in the struc= ture of the so-called extraverted type <= /i>(C. G. Jung, Rorschach).⁶ Without ego systole the masculine D= ur ego also cannot develop. In the socialization of the drives ego systole fulfills an important task through = the introjective occupation choices and through the adaptation by negation.

*

The most important ideas concerning the dialectic between ego diastole and ego systo= le are summarized as the following:

1. We call= the recognition of the completion capability of the opposite functions ego diastole and ego= systole in the unity and health of the ego = the internal ego dialectic or internal defense.

2. The unity and health of the ego a= re established and maintained through thi= s p versus k dialectic. This internal dialectic is established in the ego teaching= s as the fundamental originating and preserving principle of the unity of ego li= fe. It defends against the internal ego da= ngers.

3. The integrated ego: Sch =3D ± &= plusmn; is the ideal form of this dialectic. This form is in actually only exceptional= ly attained, since humans only rarely succeed in maintaining this so perfectly complete coexistence and cooperation of ego expansion and ego contraction continuous= ly so that the unity of the ego would be secured as stationary. The ego of the ex= treme humanist can approximate this integration episodically -- this stage can ra= rely be retained however in the long run.

4. With most persons the ego life shifts itself either in the direction of ego diastole or in that of ego systole. In this manner occur the two promin= ent ego fate forms: The diastolic ego fate = of p persons and the systolic ego fate of k persons. We treated thes= e two forms of ego fates in detail in the second⁷ and in the third boo= k⁸ of Fate Analysis [Schicksalsanalyse].

5. On the basis of this ego dialecti= c we classify mankind into the two categories of the “p persons” and the “k persons.” Of these two ego categories of the human being possibilities in our opinion all divisions of persons are based according t= o character types and experience types. What however so far was missing with these dual typologies (in particular with those of C. G. Jung and H. Rorschach) is the insight of the role the p and k radicals in the origin of the described character types. Why? Because these types are basic forms of ego fate. Only the discovery of these ego radi= cals p and k made it possible to fathom the fundamental essences of this typology.

The fate o= f the p versus k dialectic appears however to determine not only the fate of t= he individual but also that of peoples. There are communities that consist rat= her of p persons and other ones, ho= wever, rather of k persons. The choice= of the governments and the prominent persons in the politics of nations goes w= ith one people more in the direction of ego expansion and with another however more in that of contraction.

6. The history of mankind consists of the= fight of the diastolic and systole counteracting forces among the peoples.

Wars develop constantly on the basis= of a people’s diastole. Peace results from the integration of diastole a= nd systole among the peoples. From this view of mankind’s history one must come = to the assertion that the collective e= go diastole among peoples was constantly stronger in history than the powe= r of the collective ego systole. And why? Because the collective integration precisely was missing and because all efforts in the direction toward an integration of the people’s diastole and systole equilibrium so often malfunctioned.

The collective ego development of mankind today in many places is on one side partly in the phase of the participation of secondary projection (communist systems of government) and= remained stuck in inflation (fascist states) (p peoples) and the other side partly stiffened into the phase of incorporatio= n (great capitalistic nations) (k people= s). We may not cling to great hopes for the near future regarding the possibility = of an integration of the people’s e= go existence in form of a free democracy.

7. The complete stopping and dissolu= tion of the p versus k dialectic is called disintegration. In an individual’s = life disintegration (Sch =3D 0 0) is accompanied by twilight conditions and absence of the ego in the foreground= and more rarely by continuing ego chang= es (for example with transvestites or bisexuals or the inverted). In the life = of peoples disintegration is called: Anarchy.

Chapter XVII

THE INNER FACTORIAL EGO DIALECTIC

On the Psychology of Abandonment, the Feminine, and Matriarchal Moll Ego Versus the Compulsive, the Masculine, and Patriarchal = Dur Ego

With the p versus k dialectic are those mutually completing itself opposite funct= ion of two root ego needs: The need after expansion in opposition to the need a= fter contraction of the ego field.

This diale= ctic is thus of a between factorial = nature and has the goal of securing the unity of the whole ego through the defense from internal dangers.=

The inner factorial ego dialectic plays itself out howe= ver within a factor, that is in the sphere of activity of the p radical and respectively the k radical.

In this ma= nner the ego dialectic of the reciprocal completing opposite functions are no ne= eds but only ego tendencies. We cal= l it also “tendency dialectic.R= 21; Within the ego diastole (p radi= cal) a tendency dialectic takes place between projective participation and inflati= on. It is thus a p- against p+ dialectic. With the radical k: Between introjection and negati= on. It is the k+ against k‑ dialectic. The end goal of these two inner ego dialectics is the maintenance of the functional unity of the ego diastole and/or the ego systole. Under functional aspect are both manners of the inner dialectic bifunctions; that is two ego strivings penetrate at the same ti= me onto the front stage of the ego. In the test they are thus ambivalent ego reactions: p ± and/or k ±.

1. The Inner Dialectic of Ego Expans= ion

Those comp= leting opposites of participative projection and inflation can appear in the ego l= ife in two forms:

a) as the abandonment of the ego<= /span>

b) as the feminine and matriarchal Moll ego.=

a) The Abandonment of the Ego

It is an empirically established fact that = the abandonment appears in the experiment test as the bifunction of the p factor and thus as the dialectic= conflict between projective participation (p= -) and inflation (p+). Their ego f= orm is: Sch =3D 0 ±. Two ego-diastole ego strivings, which work in opposition, bring about therefore= ego psychologically the clinical picture of abandonment.

The one striving, the tendency p‑, wants to maintain further the lost, paradisiacal being one and being the sa= me with the unfaithful object. Since the person does not succeed with this, sh= e accuses the object of abandoning her and feels persecuted by the other (p‑).

The second striving, the tendency p+, makes the person presently con= scious of the fact of abandonment. Then however the person saves himself by doubling of the ego, thus through inflat= ion, from the uncomfortable situation of the abandonment into an illusion world.=

After the person was abandoned by her love object and continued to be tormented by the wish for being one with hi= m, she becomes simultaneous in her fantasy both: The love-seeking person and also love-giving object.

In the ego condition of abandonment the person is thus filled with opposite strivings. These are:

1. The wis= h for continuation of the participative dual union and the drive to accuse the un= faithful dual partner (p‑);

2. The bec= oming conscious of actually being abandoned and the defense against this discomfort through= the doubling of the ego, that is, the formation of the illusion that one can be both: The one giving love and the beloved (p+).

This p ± dialectic represents i= ndeed a difficult double splitting of the ego. It is not surprising that it only = becomes bearable by the maintenance of the dual union in the illusion and fantasy world through the mental doubling of the r= oles (p+), which the ego is forced t= o play. Precisely by this illusion of the double character of the loving one and th= e beloved, the ego succeeds in securing its unity regarding the expansion. If the projection only worked as a unifunction (Sch =3D 0 ‑), then the pe= rson would became a projective paranoid. H= owever if the inflation would be unifunctionally active, that is, without projecti= ve participation and working alone, then the person would be an inflative paranoid. In both extreme cases the unity of the ego diastole breaks up in the foreground. The existi= ng dialectic between projective participation and inflation holds the two part= functions of the ego diastole together. I= n the condition of abandonment the person is thus protected by the simultaneous inflative illusion and participation (p ±) of the double being against the danger of being persecuted (Sch =3D 0 ‑) and from = megalomania (Sch =3D 0 +). The ego situation = is indeed illusionary and uncomfortable, but nevertheless not as unreal if it were the pure projective or inflative paranoid.

b) The Feminine and Mother-Like Moll Ego

We must prefix two observations befo= re these explanations:

First of all we speak here not of th= e real woman but of the essence of womanliness. The essence thus refers here to discussions of both sexes, thus to the essence of fem= ininity with the woman and with the man.

Second, th= at in the mental reality of the woman ‑- as also the man -- consists of bot= h the feminine tender Moll tendency and the m= asculine hard Dur tendency. A human bein= g is registered only with one sexuality in the matricula neonatorum. Its soul remains constantly two sexual= . Drive psychologically one must express however the sexuality by the Dur-Mo= ll proportions. This fact induced us in 1952 to prepare for the psychosexual drive proporti= ons an experimental procedure, the so-called “Dur-Moll method.”⁹

The questi= on, which we discuss here, is however not the dialectic between the feminine Mo= ll tendency and the masculine Dur tendency, but that dialectic which takes pla= ce within the femininity between the participation (p-) and the infl= ation (p+), which represents itself i= n the existences. We ask here thus: I. Which Moll tendency do we have to attrib= ute to the function of the participation (= p‑)? II. And which to that of inflation? III. What is the essential sense of the fact that womanliness represents an ego diastolic p f= unction with the inner dialectic of participation and inflation?<= /p>

Our empirical results supplied the basis for this question; those results clearly proved = that womanliness in the ego with both se= xes represents a coupled bifunction of ego diastole in the foreground in the for= m: p ±.

The interpretation of the ego forms:

1. = ; Sch =3D = 0 ±    =3D feminine Moll ego.=

2. Sch =3D = ; + ± =    =3D the acceptance and the introj= ection of the femininity.

3. = ; Sch =3D = ; - ±    =3D the denial of the femininity.

4. S= ch =3D =    ± ±    =3D the integration of the femininity and the masculinity in the ego.

= ;

These interpretations proved sound in the past 15 years everywhere in the world. = It was proven that womanliness represents the bifunctional ego diastolic activ= ity of the radical p (in form of p ±) and that masculinity, = on the other hand, represents the bifunctional ego systolic activity of the radica= l k (in form of k ±); both a= re bound mental features.

*

We now try= to answer the three raised questions e= go analytically.

I. The participative (p‑) function conditions the following essential traits of womanliness:=

1. The dri= ve to go on the search to find a love object on the basis of a laid down (genotyp= e) family ancestor form. The seeking and finding of the love object according to Fate= psychology is brought about by shifting the ma= sculine ancestor form out of the familial u= nconscious by means of genotropism.

2. The ability to be one and the same w= ith this love object in love and marriage and to form with the love object a participative woman and man dual un= ion.

3. The Mol= l ego transfers through the participation its own power from the unconscious to the man. The ego, however, will have a share in = this power itself through its expanding = the power of the man and, consequently, will expand its own sphere of power. The injury to this participative tendency after power expansion by the woman on= the part of the man is the everyday source of any dispute, separation and divor= ce in the dual union.

4. The participation conditions the motherliness and thus the matriarchal being one with the child in the dual = union of child and mother (embryonic phase, period of the nutrition, etc.).

5. The matriarchal being one and the same with the group of the children and grandchildren in the context of the family.

6. The matriarchal being one and being t= he same with the tribe and in particular with primitive tribes with mother right.¹⁰

II. The following essential traits of femininity are based on inflation:<= /i>

1. In the dual union with the man, t= he wife can double herself so that in her ego she is both the wife receiving l= ove and also the loving man. The streng= th of feeling with the womanliness is based on inflation. She is at the same time the= loved woman and love-giving man.

2. As mother ‑- in the double = unity with the child ‑- the Moll ego doubles itself in a similar way. The t= rue mother feels all stirrings and strivings of the child also because precisel= y in her Moll ego she is simultaneous mother and child.

3. The form of power of the feminini= ty is: Being power. The feeling of= the feminine being power in love and maternity, in the family, and in the matriarc= hal village state feeds itself from the inflative source of the demand to be bo= th and to be everything. To femininity belongs a piece of the inflative power.=

III. The d= ialectic with femininity takes place thus between the poles of the participative bei= ng one with man, child, family and tribe and the inflative double being of the= woman and the man, double being of the mother and the child, and double being of = the collective family (tribe) and the personal woman.

From this essential world view of the femininity, it becomes evident that the womanli= ness needs a complete specific ego expan= ding p function. It is thus not surprising that only few among the women and mothers are able to live out this difficult ego function in reality without thereby becoming ill.

The womanl= iness of the man is based likewise on the bifunction of synchronous participation= and inflation. If the man exclusively lives out in the foreground his Moll ego = (p ±) and if he pushes his D= ur ego (k ±) into the backgroun= d, then we speak of an inverted (homosexual) Moll ego.¹¹

*

It is noteworthy here that in the eg= o analytic experiment testing the form of abandonment coincides with that of femininit= y. In both phenomena we find the same internal dialectic in the factor p between participative projection= and inflation without any position taken by the Dur ego (Sch 0 ±).

We had to = learn over the years that we have to take the results of the drive experiments also seriously when the results seem for the time being paradoxical or incompreh= ensible. Here for example the question stands before us: How is it possible that the= ego analysis of the abandonment indicates the same processes as that of feminin= ity? Does the femininity really go along ‑- in isolated and pure form (Sch =3D 0 ±) -‑ with abandonment? To this question we can say the following at present: First of= all the ego analytic experiment testing discloses constantly only the functional essential structure of the deep mental processes, which stand behind the phenomenon, never however the thema= tic, that is the contents, with which the concerned ego functions “wor= k.” That will thus mean: The mental processes of participation and inflation ca= n be ego psychological the same with abandonment and femininity without<= /i> also the contents of these two processes being the same. If we want to uncover the contents and not only the function mode with our experimental procedure, then according to the choice test procedure we must employ the “method of factor picture associations.”¹² Secondly,= the ego functional connection between abandonment and femininity receives a particular meaning when we try to interpret it under the aspect of an integrated ego. The integrated ego contains, as is well known, both ego parts ‑- both the Moll ego and t= he Dur ego ‑- completely in itself. In the ego form of the Moll ego (Sch =3D 0 ±) is missing in = fact the Dur ego (Sch =3D ± 0), w= hich completes the whole ego and which is placed into the background. It would not be therefore too daring to assume that the Moll ego became abandoned mentally = in fact by the Dur ego. The femininity woul= d be thus constantly a condition of inner abandonment ‑- namely abandoned = by its own and its complementary masculinity.

Here one c= ould object that the masculine Dur ego in its extreme manifestation (Sch =3D ± 0) is likewise “abandoned” by its own femininity, wh= ich it placed into the background (Sch = =3D 0 ±); it lives nevertheless free from the feeling of abandonment. This= is indeed quite often so. The man defeats his femininity and his abandonment precisely with his Dur ego, that is, with the compulsion of his taking a position (k ±) against t= he constantly present Moll ego tendencies. And because he possesses the power = of the Dur ego, he denies everything that is weak. Despite all this however in= the background continues to work the compulsive femininity in dreams, furthermo= re in the choice in love, in friendship, and often also in occupation. The more masculine the Dur ego may appear, all the more strongly is his wish to “abandon” the feminine partner or -- in socialized form -- to protect the “abandoned.= ” The operation of the “abandoned” of the background ego is thus = here genotropic.

2. The Inner Dialectic of Ego Contra= ction

Those comp= lementary opposites in the radical k take= place between the two basic functions of = introjection and negation and between affirmation and denial. In particular this dialectic a) appears in the compulsive ego and b) in the masculine Dur ego.

a) The Compulsive Ego<= o:p>

In the fir= st volume of “Triebpathologie” the compulsion phenomenon was represented in such detail (1) as clinical phenomena, (2) as symptom format= ion, and (3) as defense mechanism so that we have to be concerned here -- with reference to that discussed there ¹³ -- only briefly with the question of the inner dialectic.

1. Under t= he ego dialectic aspect, compulsion steps into action whenever in the foreground the affirma= tion of a striving collides in an ambivalent way with the denial of the same. Compulsion is the inner dialectic prod= uct of that complementary coexistence of introjection and negation.=

2. Functionally, compulsion represe= nts an ego systolic k democratic proce= ss, with which the ego’s taking a position continuously is weighed out and arrives at a result according to the two possible poles = of affirmation and denial where both possibilities are necessary for its equilibrium. Thus the compulsive ego decides to detach itself from solving questions in one way.. Outwardl= y the compulsive person seems to stand in a corner and to think. The compulsive ego hesitates and doubts constantly the correctness of a one-sided position. The compulsi= ve ego says neither yes only nor no only; it says both and prevents therefore = that the striving threatening danger or action in its original form is carried o= ut or completely repressed. The goal of constricting the expansion needs is th= us achieved for the time being. The dangerous need is vacated with compulsion = (k ±) from wish consciousness (p 0).

3. In addi= tion, the inner dialectic with the compulsion process can go another way. Since e= ach need, which has penetrated into wish consciousness and induced it to expand, consists constantly of two opposite strivings, the ego systolic reaction can achieve its goals halfway in su= ch a way that one striving of the need i= s affirmed (k+) and one, on the other hand, is denied (k‑). This manner of t= he compulsive contraction was understood by S. Freud in particular as simultaneously a &#= 8220;reaction formation” and a “repression” with compulsion neurosis. T= he compulsion neurotics represses (k‑, p 0) the anal demands and introjects the exaggerated cleanliness in= to the ego (k+, p 0). Thus develops the reaction formation in the character.

4. The fin= al goal of any compulsive process is constantly: To maintain the unity of the radical k and to secure the operation of contracting by maintaining the coexistence of introjection and negation.

Compulsion= is dialectically an intronegation, which serves to secure with these two the s= ame goal setting complementary functions of ego systole for itself. It means = the hardest and the most masculine overcoming of the feminine needs for expansi= on.

b) The Masculine and the Paternal, Patriarchal Dur Ego

The previo= us remarks in which we have advanced in the discussion of the Moll ego must be= strongly considered also with the Dur ego. The ego analytic investigations of the “masculine” refer not to a “particular” man but to = the essence of masculinity in the ego = as well with the man as also with the woman. Here we have to answer the same t= hree questions as posed for the Moll ego:

I. To the = process of the introjection (k+) w= e must attribute the following essential traits for masculinity:=

1. The drive to take into possession wit= hout reservation the sexual object or the have object. The taking into possession of the object happens on the basis of one’s ancestor pictu= re of the mother or the father. This ancestor image is however with the choice= of the ego already rooted firmly by incorporation and introjection. We judge the fundamental difference in the essences of f= emininity and masculinity precisely in the fact that the object choice with femininit= y is originally of a participative proje= ctive nature and with masculinity of an introjective one. In one’s development history one must assume also a projective phase with the mascul= ine kind of choice for that time period, which, however, very soon leads ‑= ;- precisely after the separation from the parents ‑- to the introprojec= tion (Sch =3D + -) and then to pure introjection (Sch =3D + 0). The actual choice of the “strange” object happens here thus on the basis an already comp= leted introjection picture. If a person (man or woman) chooses thus purely by par= ticipative projection driven from the ego’s wish to be one and the same with the partner, then the choosing court is the Moll ego, thus the femininity doin= g the selecting. However if a person (man or woman) chooses by pure introjection, that is, driven from= the drive, to take in possession the partner, to incorporate the partner with all that accompanies her or him in= to the ego, and simply thus to have completely, then the choice-ste= ering court is the Dur ego, thus the masc= ulinity being the choosing person. = Since the “particular” woman and the “particular” man pos= sess a mixture of a Moll ego and a Dur ego, some individuals select both among t= he women and among the men by participative projection and others however purely by introjection or introprojection. On the basis of this fact, we can divide t= he formation of pairs in love and marriage into the following three categories:

First marriage category: Moll ego x Moll ego: Here the partners select themselves mutually by participative projection and on the basis of their feminine side, which must be one, the same and related wi= th the other.

Second marriage category: Dur ego x Dur ego: Here the choice on both s= ides is steered by the introjective ancestor picture and thus from the masculine si= de of the ego that wants to possess the partner.

Third marr= iage category: Moll ego x Dur ego:= Here one of the partners chooses by participative projection and the other one however by introjection. That means: The one selects woman-like, the other masculine-like.

The two fi= rst categories are concordant and t= he third discordant regarding the choice-steering court. With this discordant choice naturally also the woman= through her Dur ego and the man through his Moll ego can enter into marriage. Missi= ng at present is the answer to the question: Which marriage category has the b= est prospects for a happy and lasting life together? At present and the only eg= o psychological fact established is that the introjective choosing Dur ego represents a lat= er stage in development. Whether it also brings more fortune and is of a more faithful nature is to be examined empirically in the future.

2. The sec= ond characteristic of masculinity is the drive after property (house, land, material valuable objects) and the drive after knowledge, after an occupati= on, after position and a “good” name etc. These traits are all introjecti= on products.

3. The have ideals of the masculine are likewise of an introjective nature. One can say: Masculinity possesses ideal objects, which it must have, an= d femininity strives for its being ideals.

4. The wor= ld view of the masculine is materialis= tic, realistic, positivistic, and rationalistic because the Dur ego is of an= introjective nature and strives for ideals of having.

The feminine however strives for ide= als of being because the projective= and inflative characters precisely orient themselves according to the spiritual and is tailored rather to non-materialism, idealism, and irrationality.

5. The orientation to the external, the connection to the world, and the i= ncorporation of the perceptions of the world are introjective traits of the masculine. T= he extraverted type is masculine (also with women!). Since the femininity is conditioned by the p ego, it is oriented in particular to the internal and = thus, with both sexes, is introverted.

6. The pow= er through having (k+), the untiring striving for this having power, is an introjective product of masculin= ity. This having power increases more frequently to omnipotence and leads to the going-astray condition of autistic undisciplined behavior wi= th both sexes and, in particular, in the context of the family, in business, in the office, in politics and in other areas of action. If the masculine stri= ves for having power, then the femi= nine seeks after being power (p+). The mas= culinity of the Dur ego seizes the power through having, the femininity however through being. With masculinity lurks the danger of omnipotence and with femininity that of bei= ng everything. Both lead finally to pathological impotence.

7. The patriarchal father right gave= in the past -- and still gives occasionally today ‑- the masculine the r= ight in the area of the family to satisfy without punishment all his introjective demands: The drive to take into possession, to possess have ideals, and to = have omnipotence. If the mother takes over the father right, then she often exer= cises this still more cruelly. The devastating operation of this without-punishme= nt and without-limits father right turns the family members into subjects. From the practice of psychoanalysis this is well known. Mother right however kee= ps constantly the fundamental traits from its origin in participation, and all= its excesses are due to the drive to be one and the same with the members. These are the results of being power of the maternal.

*

II. The following traits of the masculine are based on the opposite ego systolic pr= ocess of negation:

1. The capability to adapt in time, space, environment, situations and so = on. [Unpunctuality, bad orientation in space, and inability to adapt to environmental situations belong to the character of femininity (k 0) and indeed both with the man and= with the woman.]

2. The social ability of the masculin= e to adapt its inflative demands to the possibility of reality and to work well = despite the inflation (Sch =3D ± +) = is certainly one of the most important advantages of the Dur ego.

3. Destruction of the imagination [Disimagi= nation], thus the iconoclastic destruction of the values and the ideals of the inter= nal and the external world; revolt,= and destruction are the results of a quantitatively excessively dammed-up negation desire of the masculine. Revolutions are made by masculine men and masculine women. The hunger strik= e -- exercised by men or by women be it in a prison or in a lunatic asylum ̴= 9;- is constantly the masculine taking a negative position against the environm= ent (Sch =3D +/-! 0 or +/-! ‑).

4. The running away from an uncomfor= table situation (Sch =3D ± ‑), the compulsive wandering about, and being a globetrotter are masculine defense reactions.

5. The masculine and nearly compulsive pedantry (Sch =3D = ± 0) belongs likewise partly into this negative category of ego systolic masculinity.

6. The patriarchal prohibitions and= the family of taboo laws originate all from the negation tendency of father rig= ht.

= ;

*

The identi= ty of the two elementary functions of introjection and negation with the compulsion ego and with the Dur ego is easier to understand th= an the functional identity with the abandoned ego and the Moll ego. The essence of the masculine always ex= ists in the overcoming of internal or external dangers and resistances. If t= he feminine becomes constantly threatened from the fate of being abandoned -- one time = from a real man and another time from the man whom the person carries latently in herself or himself -- then masculinity is always endangered through the fat= e of cold compulsions.

The more t= he Dur ego strives to separate itself from its antipode, from the Moll ego, all the more power it must waste on this effort to hold the feminine in the backgro= und. This frequent striving of the Dur ego is already misconceived thereby becau= se through the suppression of the Moll ego the power of the compulsive character const= antly grows. Ego psychologically there is only one solution to be aimed at here: = The integration of the masculine and t= he feminine in the foreground in the total form: Sch =3D ± ± or in= the more partial form: Sch =3D ± = +. The pure inner dialectic of the masculine in the form of Sch =3D ± 0 leads sooner or later constantly to the comp= ulsion fate.

The essent= ial differences between femininity and masculinity in the ego are summarized in= Table 8.

Table 9. Those Completing Working-Together of the 16 Foreground Ego and Backgro= und Ego Existences
The Foreground ego	The Background ego
No.	Ego Functions=	Ego Form	Sch =3D	Sch =3D	Ego Functions	Ego Form	No.
I. Projection Ego Group=
1	Total Pr= ojection	The proj= ective paranoid	0 -	± +	Inflatio= n held back with compulsion	The masc= uline, compulsive working, and inflative ego. Work compulsion.=	8
&nb= sp;	Deprojections
2	Inflativ= e projection	The aban= doned Moll ego	0 ±	± 0	Intronegation	The compulsive Dur ego	12
3	Intropro= jection	The auti= stic ego	+ -	- +	Negated inflation	Inhibition	9
4	Projecti= on with com= pulsion	The paro= xysmal running-= away ego	± -	0 +	Total inflation	The inflative paranoid	6
5	Inhibite= d projecti= on	Estrange= ment	- ±	+ 0	Total Introjection	The masc= uline, material= have ego	10
II. Inflation Ego Group=
6	Total in= flation	The infl= ative paranoid=	0 +	± -	Projection with compulsion	The paroxysmal running-away ego	4
&nb= sp;	Deflations
7	Introinf= lation	The tota= lly narcissistic ego	+ +	- -=	Negation with projection	Adaptation, accommodation	14
8	Inflatio= n with compulsion	The masc= uline, compulsive working, and inflative ego. Work compulsion.=	± +	0 -	Total projection	The projective paranoid	1
9	Negated<= o:p> inflatio= n	Inhibiti= on	- +	+ -	Introprojection	The autistic ego	3
III. Introjection Ego Group
10	Total in= trojection	The masc= uline, material= have ego	+ 0	- ±	Inhibited projection	Estrangement	5
&nb= sp;	Deintrojections
11	Introjec= tion with inflativ= e projection	The femi= nine have ego=	+ ±	- 0	Total negation	Repression	13
12	Introneg= ation	The comp= ulsive Dur ego<= o:p>	± 0	0 ±	Inflative projection	Abandoned Moll ego	2
IV. Nega= tion Ego Group
13	Total ne= gation	Repressi= on	- 0	+ ±	Introjection with inflative projection	The feminine have ego	11
&nb= sp;	Denegation
14	Negation= with projecti= on	Adaptati= on, accommod= ation	- -	+ +	Introinflation	The tota= lly narcissistic ego	7
V. Integ= ration - Disintegration
15	Total in= tegration	The inte= grated whole eg= o	± ±	0 0	Total di= sintegration	Ego loss= , ego change, twilight condition	16
16	Total di= sintegration	Ego loss= , ego change, twilight condition	0 0	± ±	Total integration	The integrated whole ego	15