From
Lipot Szondi, Ich-Analyse [=
Ego
Analysis]
Translated by
Arthur C. Johnston
© 2008
By Arthur C. Johnston, PhD
Please Observe: The copyright of this article (in German or =
in
English) belongs to the Szondi Institute and to Dr. Arthur C. Johnston. Thi=
s means
you may not duplicate this article without their permissions.
Chapter XV
THE INTEGRATION OF THE =
EGO
The Ego Radicals as the Forming and Preserving Principle
in the Fate of the Individual and in That of the Community
1. Summary of the Eleme=
ntary
Functions of the Ego
In the pre=
ceding
section we have designated the ego as the reconciler of all mental opposites
and as the bridge over opposites [Pontifex oppositorum] and at first
analyzed it in its elementary functions. The four elementary functions of t=
he ego
-- 1. participative projection, 2. inflation, 3. introjection and 4=
. negation -- are represented as th=
e original
root functions of the ego. That means: As radicals --which in the physiology
and pathology of the psyche, in the personal, and in the communal life of c=
ulture-poor
primitives and of culture-rich civilization peoples -- are not historical for all times, are working substantially equivalent, and are without specific content.
Being one, being the same, and being related with the o=
bject
(participation), being all (inflation), having everything (introjection) and
denying everything (negation) are in fact universal ego tendencies that one=
can
not further explore functionally. Therefore we call them “ego
radicals.”
Since a pe=
rson has
an ego ‑- since he is thus human -‑ he lives continuously with =
these
ego strivings. With the power of these elementary functions he selects a
partner, he establishes a family, he forms groups and clans, races and clas=
ses,
peoples and nations (participation)=
; he
develops for himself spiritual ideals, he founds religions and sciences, he
creates poetry and art (inflation)<=
/i>; he
stores up
material and spiritual capital (introjection); he adapts to reali=
ty, and
then from time to time destroys everything that he has created with his ego=
in
natural and spiritual reality (nega=
tion).
The four elementary functions of the ego describe howev=
er
in the order selected by us also the development stages of the ego both in =
the
development of the individual as well as in that of the masses.<=
span
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>
In the beginning of ego development ‑- both
individually and collectively ‑- the original ego drive striving for =
being
one, the same, and related with others dominates, that is, projective
participation. The strength of this projective participation ego striving in
the life of the individual develops the first dual union and the most intimate being one of the mother and th=
e child.
The same participative striving is shaped in collective form on the basis of
being one with the totem clan, sub-clans, and totems as the prototype for t=
he
village states. The same ego striving to have part with others later works =
further
in the individual as the power that urges the person for pairing in love,
friendship and occupation. Thus develop friendship and occupation spheres
(guilds), families, relationship classes and social occupation classes. The
idea of being one and being the same with all humans both with primitives a=
nd
with civilization peoples leads to “collective” and
“communist” systems of government, with which however ‑-
exactly as in psychopathology ‑- the borders between participation
projections and persecution projections very easily disappear.
The second elementary ego function,
striving for perfection [Vollkommenheit] and for being everything, that is inflation, is at the same time th=
e second stage in the ego developmen=
t of
the individual and also in that of the masses. The infantile megalomania of=
being
everything is a fundamental trait of children (S. Freud). In the life of the
collective inflation begins with myths, legends and sagas, religions, rites=
and
ceremonies, poetry and art, and in later phases of mankind’s history:=
Discoveries
and science. The inflative forms of state formation are the government form=
s: Theocracies
in antiquity and fascism and National Socialism in the present.
The third<=
/span> phase of =
development
is conditioned by the drive after h=
aving
-- where possible to have everythin=
g.
The child separates from the spell of the participative dual union with the
mother and from the infantile and inflative world of megalomania. Gradually=
he begins
to introject, that is, to lay in capital from the incorporated characterist=
ics
of his ancestors (identification) with whom he shapes gradually his charact=
er;
furthermore he puts in capital from knowledge out of which he forms his wor=
ld
picture and his world view. In the life of the masses as well as what conce=
rns
material and spiritual possessions, the capitalistic formation of families,
classes, and states begin to be laid in with introjection.
Only the fourth development stage -- striving of the ego for renouncing and
denying
-- brings for himself the ability for adapting to other human bei=
ngs
and, out of the individual, forms the socialized drilled person and out of =
the
collective the “drilled masses” [Editor: drilled =3D all
marching precisely in step with each other as in a military drill]. In the
stage of negation the individual, for society and the people and for all of=
the
people, becomes bearable and thus &=
#8220;socialized.”
Stopping, thus the fixation of the
individual and also the masses at any stage of the elementary functions of =
the
ego, quite often becomes dangerous.
If the participation and the followi=
ng
secondary projection are the sole dominant function, that is the “uni=
function”
ego, then occurs generally the condition of projective paranoids and
persecution delusions, both with the individual as well as with the masses =
and
the state. The unifunction of inflation leads to the well-known picture of =
greatness
delusions [megalomania] with individuals and peoples, races, and classes.
The unifunction of the introjection,=
the
having all, culminates with the individual in egoism, in narcissism, and in=
an autistic
undisciplined schizophrenic manner of thinking; and with state formation in
high finances or state capitalism. The unifunction of negation -- in cases =
that
are driven to extremes ‑- leads the individual either to criminal
destructions or to destruction of the imagination [Desimagination] u=
p to
the negativism of the catatonics.
The hyper =
negation
of the masses led in history quite often to iconoclastic destructions, to
revolutions, and to nihilism.
Each form of the unifunction of the =
ego
can thus become dangerous.
The ideal for an individual and collective ego function=
is:
The integration of all four elementary functions.
Only the integrated ego is able to particip=
ate,
at the same time to be inflative to perfection [completeness], to lay
introjective‑identifying capital in knowledge and science and in mate=
rial
possessions, and also to renounce and
to deny. Briefly: the complete =
ego
earns the sole name of a bridge over opposites [Pontifex oppositorum=
].
Because only the complete crossing (amalgamation) of all four root striving=
s of
the ego can lead the individual to becoming a free self and the people to b=
e a
free democracy.
The integrated ego (Sch =3D ± ±) is
thus the aspiring ego ideal both for the individual as also for the communi=
ty.
The polar
opposite ego picture: Disintegration (Sch =3D 0 0), that =
is the complete
giving up of any ego function, leads the individual to the twilight ego con=
dition
and to the complete loss of the ego and the people to the condition of anar=
chy
and chaos.
*
The tables=
numbers
4 to 7 give an overview of the elementary functions of the ego and indeed o=
f :
I. Definition, II. Forms, III. End goals, IV. Origin mechanisms, V. Physiol=
ogy,
VI. Characterology, VII. Sociology, VIII. Pathological operation, each sepa=
rately
according to A. Personal, B. Collective, and C. Familial phenomena worlds.
*
The explor=
ation into
the data of these tables will be able to convince the reader about the
fundamental importance of the four elementary functions of the ego both in =
the
mental life of the individual as well as in that of the community. The fourness of the ego functions has=
in my
opinion a heuristic value in all branches of psychology and psychopathology=
--
even in sociology, ethnology, anthropology and history. On the basis of the=
ir
being four elementary ego functions we can speak of the characterology of the four root types and respectively of basic
characters: 1. the participative projective, 2. the inflative creative R=
20;being-istic,”
3. the introjective “have-istic” and 4. the denying, opposition=
al, and
negativist character type.
This
fourness of the basic characters is the basis of all typologies, which I ha=
ve
set up ‑- without thereby foreseeing the roots of the ego drives.
In psychopathology this fourness make=
s possible
the natural organization of the symptoms, in particular the delusion
formations, into 1. projective, 2. inflative, 3. introjective, and 4.
negativistic symptoms and delusion groups.
The applic=
ation
of this fourness in sociology l=
eads
to the 1. participative collective,=
2. racial, class, and people inflat=
ive,
3. introjective capitalistic, and <=
/i>4. negativistic, destructive, and nihili=
stic
systems of government. As an eternal ideal stands constantly the integrated fifth system of governm=
ent: The free and democratic form, which
tries to bridge all opposites in the society and which by its integrative
strivings are able to tower far above the mentioned four unifunctional ego
systems of government.
This fourness of the ego roots is ab=
le
to attain similar meanings in ethnology, anthropology, and the science of
history if one has the courage to place the ego as the bridge over opposite=
s [Pontifex
oppositorum] with its roots in the center of any ethnic, anthropological, a=
nd
historical investigation.
We are the
opinion that the fourness of th=
e ego
functions represents the forming and preserving elementary principle ‑=
;-
not only in the fate of the individual but also in that of the community=
217;s
life.
|
Table 4. Overvi=
ew
of Ego Projection=
|
|||
|
Projection |
A. Personal |
B. Collective |
C. Familial |
|
I. Concept designations of projection |
a) General definition: Projection is the=
transferring out of
internal perceptions into the
external world. The internally abolished returns aga=
in
from the outside (Freud). b) Special definition: A projection is personal if the out=
-shifted
contents of the inventory belong =
to
the repressed personal unconscious. |
a) General definition: Projection is a noticeable developed archaic identity, and has become=
the object of one’s own
subjective criticism or that of another (Jung). b) Special definition: The projection is collective when the transferred-=
outward
contents belong to the inventory of the collective unconscious of
mankind. |
a) General definition: Projection is the transfer=
ence
of personally repressed forms, family hidden<=
/span> ancestor forms
(genotypes) and collective original f=
orms
(archetypes) into the environment.
Projection is the basis for e=
ach
choice. b) Special definition: The projection is familial when the transferred-outward
contents belong to the familial unconscious. |
|
II. Forms |
1. Primary personal projection =3D real participation with the mother. (Incestuous unity with the mother.) 2. Secondary personal projection =3D pathologic=
al
projective delusion <=
/span>formation due to the repressed homosexuality. |
1. Primary collective projection =3D participat=
ion
mystique (Lévy-Bruhl): =
Being one, the same, and related to all members of a group and being one
with all beings and <=
/span>things in the world. 2. Secondary collective projection =3D the same as
under 1 as delusion <=
/span>with paranoids. |
1. Primary familial projection =3D a) Familial participatio=
n: Being one and the same
with all fellow members of a family. b) Participation of gene
related. 2. Secondary familial projection =3D sick delusional i=
deas
over being the same with
one’s ancestors or being persecuted by them. |
|
III. Final goal of the projection |
The makng return of t=
he
repressed and guiding back of libido to the abandoned persons.<=
span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> |
The restitution of th=
e projected contents becomes necessary bec=
ause its absence injures
adaptation. |
The realization of ha=
ving
part in the other in the f=
orm of love, friendship a=
nd occupation. The
implimentation of the=
unity with the partne=
r. |
|
IV. Origin mechanisms of projection<=
/span> |
1. Repression of an int=
ernal
forbidden striving or representation. 2. Disguise of suppre=
ssed
contents. 3. Transferring out of
the disguised contents. 4. Return of the internal raised-up forms from
the outside (according to Freud). |
1. Being the same of =
the
subject with the object; archaic identity on t=
he
basis of a projection. 2. Difficulties in adaptation through the absence of the projected contents. 3. Restitution of the=
projected contents in=
the subject through
undoing of the original being the same with the object. |
1. Through heredity is
set up the genotypes and ancestor forms in the
fam=
ilial
unconscious. 2. These ancestor images
become projected from the ego into the environment. 3. The projection of =
an ancestor form means psychologically=
: On the search after the
“gene related" and after carriers of the same ancestor form that
the person has transferred outside (genotropism). 4. After finding the =
gene
related, one develops love,
friendship and occupation pai=
rs. |
|
Table
4. Overview
of Ego Projection (Continued) |
|||
|
Projection |
A.
Personal |
B.
Collective |
C.
Familial |
|
V. Physiological operation of projection |
1. Dual union formation between mo=
ther
and child. 2. Transference. 3. Dream formation: wish dreams. 4. Crowd formation. 5. Projection as defense mechanism. |
1. In infancy: World formation. 2. With primitives: Being one, being the same, and being related with=
one
another and with nature =3D the mysterious sharing together of heterogene=
ous
things that work through mystic forces. Features: a) Fund=
amental
homogeneity of all bei=
ngs; b) Soli=
darity
of the individuals with one’s group; c) Expa=
nsion of
the personality through
“mana, imunu”; d) Pres=
ence of
a spirit in all phe=
nomena
and functions; e) Each
material object and body radiate out a mystic spiritual power (mana, =
etc.); f) Spir=
it and
protective spirit as archetypes (genius) of art; g) Pres=
ence of
the collective ancestor in the individual (tjurunga, schwirrholz [whirling
wood instrument], etc.). 3. With cultured peoples: Collective formation of a) the =
drive
life, b) the =
spirit, c) the numinous behavior (religi=
on,
rites, etc.), d) the =
value
function, e) foreknowledge of original nature and one’s
ancestors. |
1. Genotropism, choice-guiding, seeking and findin=
g of
partners a) in love;<= o:p> b) in friendship=
; c) in occupation=
. 2. Real participation: being o=
ne and
being the same with the chosen pa=
rtner;
sharing in the other.<= o:p> 3. Marriage formation, familial formation. 4. Group formation and cooperative formation on the bas=
is of
gene relationship. |
|
VI. Characterological operation of projection: The participative, projective char=
acter |
In the =
effect
of projection on the character it is nearly impossible to separate the
personal from the familial and the collective. They shape together the
so-called “participative
" and projective element=
ary
character with the following traits: 1. Urge=
to be one, the same, and related=
with
the partner and with everything in the world; 2.
Self-underestimation, self-uncertainty, thinking oneself inferior without the partner; only in=
a dual
union is one secure and safe; 3. Caut=
ion,
wariness, watchfulness, distrust, searching for a scapegoat; 4. Sens=
itivity,
irritability, touchiness, demanding, irreconcilability, resentment; 5.
Quarrel-seeking, belligerent, contentiousness; 6. Slyn=
ess,
cunning, crafty; 7. Myst=
ic
occult thinking; 8. Incl=
ination
to contemplation and meditation; 9. Incl=
ination
to telepathy. |
||
|
VII. Sociological operation of projection |
a) Generation of pairs =
in participative and dual union fo=
rm. b) Incest love. c) Oedipal situation. |
a) With primitives: b) With cultured peoples: participa=
tive
and paranoid state formation based on the idea of the oneness and sameness<=
/i> of
all humans with the danger of=
paranoid state security methods.=
|
a) Familial formation on the basis =
of
genotropism b) Projective oc=
cupation choice: See. Volume. I, p. 91. |
|
VIII. Operation of projection in illnesses |
1. Para=
noid
projective neurosis; 2. Paranoid projective schizophrenia; significance,
reference, persecution, and injury delusions; 3. Paranoid projective heboid or hebephrenic; 4. Political
criminals out of persecution
delusion. |
|
Table 5. Overvi= ew of Ego Inflation<= o:p> |
|||
|
Inflation |
A. Personal |
B. Collective |
C. Familial |
|
I. Concept designations of inflation |
a) General definition: Inf=
lation
is the doubling of the ego (Fr=
eud). Possession [Besessenhe=
it] is a form of inf=
lation,
the condition in which “the person himself appears to be converted into the o=
ther
person and to manifest voice, behavior, and expression of the face and the
contents of the speech of another person.” (Jaspers). b) Special definition: Inflation is personal when the
doubling and the expansion of the ego occur
with contents =
that come from the p=
ersonal
repressed unconscious. |
a) General definition: Inflation is the
expansion of the personality -- that is, the ballooning of the person thr=
ough
the dissolution of the opposites. b) Special definition: Collective inflation is=
the dou=
bling
of the ego |
a) General definition: Inflation is the orig=
inal
elementary b) Special definition: Familial inflation is =
the exp=
ansion
of the ego |
|
II. Forms of inflation=
|
1. Primary personal inflation: Infantile doubling an=
d greatness ideas
[megalomania] in childhood. 2. Secondary personal inflation: megalomanic delusional
relations to <=
span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times N=
ew Roman";
color:black'>God and the world on the basis of homosexual binding to=
a
parent. |
1. Primary collective inflation: a) Allness feeling and
omnipresence feeling in childhood age. Official persona with
adults. b) With primitives: Bei=
ng
double and double presence, two sex=
ual
being of totem ancestor, cult
devices and cult initiations. 2. Secondary collective inflation: Allness, dou=
bling,
god-like delusions with schizophrenics. a) Dissolution of opposites b) Assimilation of the =
unconscious
(shadow, anima, animus). |
1. Primary familial inflation: Increase of the power of the person and the chi=
ld
through that of the ancestors; increasing the power of the paren=
ts thro=
ugh
that of the children.=
2. Secondary familial inflation: Transforming-on=
eself
delusion and doubling delusion after crossing over the boundaries between
members of the family. a) The person will be everything. b) Doubling of the power of the ego through denying the
opposites of man and woman,=
God
and humans, etc. |
|
III. Final goal
of inf=
lation |
The replacement of the
persecutors by a higher court; th=
is com=
pensation
of the ego through the greatness delusio=
n:
“Conflict and illness can stop. “ (Freud.) |
1. Dissolution of the
opposites. 2. Assimilation of the
unconscious (shadow, =
anima, animus). |
1. The person wants t=
o be
everything. 2. Doubling power of the ego by denying the opposition of man and woma= n, God and humans, etc.<= o:p> |
|
IV. Origin mechanisms of inflation |
1. Same sex love for=
one
of the parents. 2. Detachment of libi=
do
by repression. 3. Guiding back of the
libido to the beloved person
through projection. 4. Transformation of =
the
projection in doubling through splitting the person into several e=
go
existences. 5. The delusional
relation to God, which has originated on the basis of the father complex
through substitute formation and transference. |
1. The being like God originates through making conscious the
opposites of good and evil. 2. The apparent overcomi=
ng
of moral conflicts results in the feeling of superiority and completeness [perfection] 3. Thus occurs a
ballooning-up condition through stepping over the individual boundaries. |
1. First is the wish =
to
be one and the same being with the family object, thus par=
ticipation. 2. The impossibility of
being one forces the person to reinstitute the double power. 3. From now on
one’s own ego i=
s both, thus everything. |
|
Table
5. Overview
of Ego Inflation (Continued) |
|||
|
Inflation |
A.
Personal |
B.
Collective |
C.
Familial |
|
V. Physiological origin of inflation |
1. Acco=
rding to
Freud greatness delusion is in general infantile;
it is a normal character trai=
t of
children. Later one sacrifices one’s greatness delusion for soc=
iety,
in particular for love. 2. Pers=
onal
inflation: Enlargi=
ng of
the personality in dream work (for example hermaph=
roditic dreams)=
. 3. Infl=
ation as
a defense mechanism. |
a) In the thinking of primitives:<=
/span> 1. Double existence, double presenc=
e. Doubling of man and animal: “Second Ego &qu=
ot; =3D
tamaniu. 2. Doubling of man and woman (legends, cults, cult accompanying elements like tjur=
unga,
schwirrholz [whirling wood instrument], singing). To become a two sexual
being is the great longing of many primitives (Aranda, Loritja, etc.).
Initiation rites in b) With cultured people: 1. Puff=
ing up
of the person through the office. 2. Reli=
gion,
rites, ceremonies. 3. Coll=
ective
inflation in dream work; the dreamer becomes, for example, a woman, an an=
imal
or a God, etc. |
1. Expansion of the personality throug=
h one’s
ancestors: Inherited family titles, like duke, count, lord, etc. 2. The expansion of the parents’ power through the children;
the child is “the physical property of the parents." 3. The
expansion of the personality of the children through the power of the
parents. 4. Familial inflation in dream w=
ork. 5. Fami=
lial occupation choices=
. |
|
VI. Characterological operation of inf=
lation. The inflative, creative and intuit=
ive
fundamental character |
The per=
sonal,
collective and familial of elements form together the “intuitive, inflative, and ego-diastole character,"=
;
whose traits are the following: 1. Ardor; 2. Adoration impulse, in partic=
ular
self-adoration; 3. Enthusiasm; 4. Obsession [Possession]; 5. Ambitendency=
; 6.
Pathos; 7. Drive to be everything=
; 8. Being like God; 9. Feeling for=
rank
and status; 10. Presumption, arrogance; 11. Will to be superior; 12. Thir=
st
for power; 13. Dictatorial nature; 14.
Imperious; 15. Haughtiness; 16. Conceitedness; 17. Greatness ideas; 18. To reverse from omnipotence to impot=
ence,
faint-heartedness, quarreling=
,
inability to work, and depression out of being without power and not being
able to be great; 19. Uncertainty concerning one’s own limits; 20. =
Constant
fear about loosing one’s greatness; 21. Being narcissism. |
||
|
VII. Sociological operation of inflation |
1. Falling in love: transference o=
f one’s
own ideas of greatness onto the beloved object. 2. Expa=
nsion of
an organiz=
ation:
Transference of one’s own ideas of greatness to outer organizations, like family, church, =
city,
a people, race, class, nation, state and so on. |
a) With primitive peoples:<=
/i> Totemism. The totem animal as the highest t=
otem
is a two sexual being and cre=
ates a
oneness among the social groups. Genuine totemism =
always
appears as an organic connection with certain forms of work activity, eco=
nomy,
art, world view and ethics. Totem and social group are intimately connect=
ed. b) With cultured peoples: 1. Inflative state formation: A pe=
ople
and a nation will be everything. 2. Reli=
gion,
art, poetry. |
1. Matriarchy: Mother right. 2. Patriarchy: Father right, values, morals, and official realms of a patriarchy=
. 3. Ruling gender: Dynasty. 4. Fami=
lial,
inflative occupat=
ion
choices. (See Vol. I, p. 91.) |
|
VIII. Operation of inflation
in illnesses |
1. Inflative paranoid neuroses; 2.=
Inflative paranoid psychoses:
Religion delusion, doubling delusion, greatness delusion [megalomania],
invention delusion; 3. Heboid
inflation; 4. Political criminal out of greatness delusion; 5. Parents
murderer out of greatness delusion; 6. Murderer in general out of greatne=
ss
delusion. |
|
Table
6. Overview of Ego Introjection |
|||
|
Introjection |
A.
Personal |
B.
Collective |
C.
Familial |
|
I. Concept designations of=
introjection |
a) General definition:<=
span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;color:black'> Introjection is the inclusion of objects in the subjective spheres of interest (S. Ferencz=
i). b) Special definition:<=
span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;color:black'> introje=
ction is
personal when the contents
incorporated into the ego belong to the narrowest experience spheres and
inventory of the person. Through
personal introjection originates =
identification:
The erecting of objects in the ego (S. Freud). Introjection belongs as a
substitute for the union of Eros, |
a) General definition:<=
span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;color:black'> Introjection means an assi=
milation
of the object =
by the subject.
It is an assimilation process (C. G. Jung). b) Special definition:<=
span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;color:black'> Introje=
ction is
collective when the ego incor=
porates
and assimil=
ates
contents of the collective uncons=
cious;
contents thus that do not bel=
ong to the
experience world o=
r to the
inventory of the person. |
a) General definition:<=
span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;color:black'> Introje=
ction is
the unconscious and original element=
ary
strivings of the ego to =
take
into possession and to incorporate the valuable objects, valued represe=
ntations,
and all valued =
contents
of the external and internal world (Szondi). b) Special definition: The int=
rojection
is familial when th=
e person
incorporates into his own ego and accepts into his own personal inventory=
material
objects or mental capabilities, characteristics, and ide=
als that
belong to the family heritage. |
|
II. Forms
of introjection |
1. Primary personal introjection: I=
ncorporation
of the approved characteristi=
cs of
parents, grandparents, brothers and sisters on the basis of the loss of l=
ove
for them. Identif=
ication after separat=
ion. Character formati=
on (S.
Freud). 2. Secondary personal introjection: a) Hyper introj=
ection, for exa=
mple
with melancholy. Masochism. b) Detail introjection:=
Fetishi=
sm. c) Ad-hoc introjection<=
span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;color:black'>: Sexual
perversions (Sadism=
, masochism,
fetishism) (Szondi). |
1. Primary collective introjection: a) Buildup of
collective perceptions of the world in childhood. Persona formati=
on. b) With primitives: Magic
representations and actions. Form=
ation
of magic figures (magician, etc.). 2. Secondary collective introjection: Magic, =
autistic
cosmic delusion formations with schizophrenics. |
1. Primary familial introjection: a) Incorporation of characteristics of such ancestors th=
at the
person has never personally experienced. (Introprojection on=
the
basis of genotropism.) b) Familial occupation choice.=
2. Secondary familial introjection: a) Familial hereditary illnesses. b) Familial death choice (suicid=
e). |
|
III. End goal of introjection |
The substitution of lost objects t=
hrough
the setting up of these in the ego: Identification. |
Identification with the cosmic pow=
er,
with god-like characteristics and magic nature, and, further, with the sh=
adow
and the anima, respectively the animus. |
1. The =
original
human striving to have everything=
. 2. The
assimilation of one’s ancestor figures and the incorporation of
definite character traits, world views, behaviors and chosen forms into
one’s ego. |
|
Table
6. Overview of Ego Introjection (Continued) |
|||
|
Introjection |
A.
Personal |
B.
Collective |
C.
Familial |
|
IV. Origin mechanisms o=
f introjection |
1. Sexu=
al
object preoccu=
pation. 2. Givi=
ng up of
the sexual object. 3. Erec=
ting of
the lost object – as substitute -- in the ego (“psychic
cannibalism“). 4. Ego =
change through=
identification. 5. Intr=
ojection
is thus the polar opposite of repression’s manner of detaching of
libido. 6. The =
love for
the ego replaces the lost l=
ove
for the object (S. Freud). |
a) Collective introinflation: Emergence of introje=
ction after collect=
ive
inflation. b) Collective In=
troprojection:
Emergence of introje=
ction after
collective projection (L. Szo=
ndi). |
a) Familial Introinflation:=
1. Firs=
t the
person is possess=
ed by
the desire, to be everything that the preferred ancestor figure was; 2. then=
he will
have everything that the ance=
stors had:
Familial form of identification. b) Familial Introprojection: 1. Firs=
t the
person will be one and the same <=
/i>with
an ancestor figure: Familial participation. 2. After this has became =
impossible,
the ego incorporates this ancestor figure: Familial identification (L. Szo=
ndi). |
|
V. Physiological operation of introjection |
1. Identification. 2. Character formation: Charact=
er is a deposit
of the given-up object interest in the ego; it contains the history of th=
ese
object choices (S. Freud). 3. Transference (S. Ferenczi). 4. Pers=
onal will
processes. |
1. Form=
ation of
the collective world view. 2. Formation of the persona. 3. Magic. 4. Collective will processes through
collective attitudes [taking positions]. |
1. Character formation on the bas=
is of familial introje=
ction. 2. Occupation choice and occupation persona. 3. Will processes as the res=
ult of familial introje=
ctions
through family =
altitudes. |
|
VI. Characterological operation of introjection. The introjective fundamental chara=
cter. |
In the
structure of the so-called “introjective”
character are personal, collective and fam=
ilial
elements interwoven intimately with one another. The “extrovert” type according to C. G. Jung and also
like the “extratensive̶=
1;
experience type according to H. Rorschach form themselves in the basic
introjective character. All these types are ego systolic character formations and protect the person from
exaggerated ego expansion (ego diastole) through
testing of reality and thus by
turning the soul outward. The most important traits of the introjective character are: 1. Turning of the interest outward (extraversion, extratension);=
2. Positivism; 3. Rationalism: Soberness; 4. Dryness;
5. Cold, hard, severe; 6. Realizatio=
n urge
and knowledge urge; 7. Love o=
f form;
8. Love of logic, 9. Sense of organization, tendency=
to
uniformity; 10. Lacking in feelin=
g,
unconcerned, heartlessness, compassionless; 11. Egoism; 12. Have narcissism; 13. Ego
centered, egocentricity; 14. =
Obstinate,
stubborn; 15. Self-determined will, autism; 16. Inclination to reaction formations and to ego changes through new identifications; 17. Inclination to =
blocking,
separating, and isolating. |
|
Table
6. Overview of Ego Introjection (Continued) |
|||
|
Intojection |
A.
Personal |
B.
Collective |
C.
Familial |
|
VII. Sociological operation of introjec=
tion |
1. Sepa=
ration from
the parents=
. 2. Becoming independent. 3. Expansion of the social areas =
of
interest through introjective identifications. 4. Investing in personal capital.=
|
a) With primitives: Magic. b) With cultured peoples: 1. Identification in the forming of=
the
perception world. 2. Identification with a collective world view. 3. Identification with the official per=
sona. 4. Capitalistic state formation on=
the
basis of the collective. |
1. Identification with the familial w=
orld
view. 2. Iden=
tification
with the families’ char=
acter
formation. 3. Familial investment. 4. Capitalistic state formation on the basis of the family. 5. Fami=
lial
introjective occupation choices. (See Vol. I, p. 91.) |
|
VIII. Operation of introjection in illne=
sses |
In symptom formation, introjection plays the most im=
portant
role with 1. Melancholy (hyper introje=
ction); 2. Autistic, ego systolic schizophrenia, 3. Masochistic perversion 4. Fetish (detail introjection)
perversion 5. Compulsion neurosis (together =
with
repression); 6. Psyc=
hopathology
and criminality (ad-hoc introjections according to L. Szon=
di). |
1. Cosmic, autistic, magic mode of thought and delusion
formations with schizophrenia (Word magic). 2. Cosmic world designs with
schizophrenics. 3. Collective and sick persona formations. |
1. Familial hereditary illnesses th=
rough
identifications and respectively acceptance of the sick ancestors. 2. Familial death choice: Manner =
of
suicide through identif=
ication
with the ancesto=
r, who selected
the same kind of death. |
|
Table
7. Overview of Ego Negation |
|||
|
Negation |
A.
Personal |
B.
Collective |
C.
Familial |
|
I. Concept designations of negation |
a) General definition (S. Freud): Denial is a way to take the repressed into
one’s awareness, actually an aboliti=
on of
the repression, but cer=
tainly
no acceptance of the repressed. It is a conscio=
us
intellectual judgment function. b) Special definition The neg=
ation is
personal when th=
e ego
denies representations, str=
ivings
and ideals that once belonged to the personal
inventory of the repressed uncons=
cious.
Negation belongs as a successor of the expulsion of the destruction drive=
. |
a) General definition: -- b) Special definitio=
n (accord=
ing to L. Szondi): 1. A de=
nial is
of a collective nature if the ind=
ividual
avoids, denies, inhibits, estranges, or represses definite human strivings and representati=
ons
from the collective unconscious.<=
/i> 2. Collective negation covers also =
all
rules and prohibitions of religion, states, groups, and clans by which any
collective denies definite behavior to the individual person. |
a) General definition:<=
span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;color:black'> Negation is partly the unconscious and part=
ly the
conscious elementary strivings of the ego to
avoid, to deny, to inhibit, to estrange, and to repress definite demands, representations, and ideals.
Negation is thus a primary elementary process. b) Special definition:<=
span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;color:black'> A denia=
l is familial when the ego avoids, de=
nies,
inhibits, estranges, or represses the strivings of the familial unconscious. |
|
II. Forms of negation |
1. Primary personal negation: a) Reality testing; b) Destruction of the imagination;=
c) Adaptation. Accordi=
ng to
Freud each denial is seconda=
ry; accordi=
ng to us
it is a primary elementary fu=
nction
of the ego. 2.Secondary personal negation: a) Sick inhibitions, estrang=
ements
and repress=
ion with
the transference neuroses. b) Catatonic negativism. c) Destructions. |
1. Primary collective negation: a) Collective denial of
certain infantile excitations through education. b) With primitives: the taboo syst=
em. 2. Secondary collective negation: Sick denial of all collective rules with the criminal and the mentally disturbed=
. |
General forms of negation:<=
/i> 1. Avoidance, 2. Deni=
al, 3.
Inhibition, 4.
Alienation, &nbs=
p;
5. Repression 1. Primary familial negation: Revolti=
ng a) against the family require=
ments
and prohibitions; b) against genot=
ropic strivin=
gs in
love, friends=
hip,
occupation, illness=
and
manner of death. 2. Secondary familial negation: Sick denial of the family with aso=
cial
psychopaths, criminals, and the mentally disturbed. |
|
III. End goal of negation |
The intellectual making come back of
repression processes whose end goal is that the representation content do=
es
not succeed to become conscious. The affective process of repression =
is
forced not to come back through the denial process (S. Freud). |
Manner of preservation<=
span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;color:black'> of groups, clans, tribes, and peo=
ples. Incest taboo of clans on a social basis (Jung)=
. |
1. The =
healthy family preservation (incest taboo of the family). 2. In s=
ick
form: Destruc=
tion of
the family ideals: all denied and=
all
destroyed that belong to the family as material and ideals possessions. |
|
Table
7. Overview of Ego Negation (Continued) |
|||
|
Negation |
A.
Personal |
B.
Collective |
C.
Familial |
|
IV. Origin mechanisms of negation |
1. A forbidden representation is repressed. 2. The repressed thought
contents become conscious; it however lets itself conscio=
usly to
be denied. 3. Thro=
ugh the
denial is laid open the path to consciousness for only the intellectual p=
art
of the repressed; the essential a=
ffective
portion continues however to be denied. |
At pres=
ent
unknown. |
1. A fa=
milial
demand (in lov=
e,
friendship, occupat=
ion,
illness, and manner of death) becomes conscious to the individual. 2. These familial excitations, ho=
wever,
are consciously denied by the=
means
of avoidance, inhibition, or estrangement; more rarely also by making unc=
onscious
through repression (for example with familial incest love). |
|
V. Physiological operation of negation=
|
1. Reality testing after loss of object. 2. Adaptation to the good and avoidance of everything=
that is
bad. (xenophobia of the ego.) |
1. Adap=
tation
to the collective rules and prohibitions of the group and of the clans, t=
hat
is to the marriage regulations, sex rules, etc. |
1. Adaptation to the rules of the family. 2. The consequence is: the
drilled person [one who is like a drilled soldier]; he denies the
primitive desire to be one an=
d the same (according to participa=
tion);
furthermore he denies the demand to be everything. 3. Renunciation of everything that=
for him is unattainable. 4. The =
physiologically inhibited human =
being. |
|
VI. Characterological operation of negation. 1. The adapted, 2. the oppositional, 3. the negativistic fundamental character |
The =
220;adapted” and the “negativistic and oppositional=
221; drilled character results from t=
he
denial of personal, collective and familial strivings. He represents the =
everyday
drilled human being as “a drilled person.” His leading traits
are: 1. the being adapted =
to
reality, to the family and to the community according to the external!; 2. inte=
rnally
however he constantly opposes the drill and is 3. for that very reason unsatisfied and 4. always ready =
to
free himself from the compulsion of the drill; 5. he renounces any ideal formation, =
since
he is completely disillusioned; 6. drilled men constantly supply the mass=
es
for any revolutionary, insurgent, and oppositional movement; 7. outwardly
they are inhibited to the external; internally, however, they are the ete=
rnal
no sayer. Therefore: as indiv=
iduals
they are harmless, but dangerous in masses. |
||
|
VII. Sociological operation of negation=
|
1. Form=
ation of
personal morals. 2. Sett=
ing up
of personal barriers of shame=
and
disgust. 3. Eter=
nal ambivalence in relatio=
nship to
moral barriers. 4. R=
20;Incest
barrier” (S. Freud). |
a) With primitives only=
mother
right. The system of taboos conditions the
social order. 1. Exog=
amy, the
prohibition of the =
blood dishonor
within the clans. 2. Organization of the clans and
sub-clans. 3. Classified relationships organ=
ization. 4. Marr=
iage
classes (cross cousins marriages). 5. Sexu=
al
morality. 6. Soci=
al
morality. b) With cultured peoples: Rules and
prohibitions of religion, the state, race and class. |
The health of the manner of preser=
vation
through: 1. Denial of the incest love in the context of the family (for
example, denial =
of
marriage between cousins in heritable-ill families); 2. Denial of certain homogen=
eous genotropic marriag=
es through
marriage counseling; 3. Promotion of =
non-genotropic
marriages 4. Nega=
tion of
the familial occupations. |
|
VIII. Operation of negation in illnesses=
|
1. Sick inhibitions and repressions with
the so-called transference neuros=
es
as with hysteria and compulsion neurosis. 2. Estrangements and depersonalization<=
/i>
with manic-depressive and schizophrenic illnesses before and after =
the
illness. 3. Negativism with catatonia. |
PAGE 166 VII. Summary of Ego Functio= ns
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p; VII. Summary of Ego
Functions &nbs=
p; 167