From

Lipot Szondi, Ich-Analyse [Ego
Analysis]

Translated by

Arthur C. Johnston

© 2008

By Arthur C. Johnston, PhD

Please Observe: The copyright of this article (in German or in
English) belongs to the Szondi Institute and to Dr. Arthur C. Johnston. This means
you may not duplicate this article without their permissions.

Chapter XV

THE INTEGRATION OF THE EGO

The Ego Radicals as the Forming and Preserving Principle

in the Fate of the Individual and in That of the Community

1. Summary of the Elementary
Functions of the Ego

In the preceding
section we have designated the ego as the reconciler of all mental opposites
and as the bridge over opposites [Pontifex oppositorum] and at first
analyzed it in its elementary functions. The four elementary functions of the ego
-- 1. participative projection, 2. inflation, 3. introjection and 4. negation -- are represented as the original
root functions of the ego. That means: As radicals --which in the physiology
and pathology of the psyche, in the personal, and in the communal life of culture-poor
primitives and of culture-rich civilization peoples -- are not historical for all times, are working substantially equivalent, and are without specific content.

Being one, being the same, and being related with the object
(participation), being all (inflation), having everything (introjection) and
denying everything (negation) are in fact universal ego tendencies that one can
not further explore functionally. Therefore we call them “ego
radicals.”

Since a person has
an ego ‑- since he is thus human -‑ he lives continuously with these
ego strivings. With the power of these elementary functions he selects a
partner, he establishes a family, he forms groups and clans, races and classes,
peoples and nations (participation); he
develops for himself spiritual ideals, he founds religions and sciences, he
creates poetry and art (inflation); he
stores up

material and spiritual capital (introjection); he adapts to reality, and
then from time to time destroys everything that he has created with his ego in
natural and spiritual reality (negation).

The four elementary functions of the ego describe however
in the order selected by us also the development stages of the ego both in the
development of the individual as well as in that of the masses.

In the beginning of ego development ‑- both
individually and collectively ‑- the original ego drive striving for being
one, the same, and related with others dominates, that is, projective
participation. The strength of this projective participation ego striving in
the life of the individual develops the first dual union and the most intimate being one of the mother and the child.
The same participative striving is shaped in collective form on the basis of
being one with the totem clan, sub-clans, and totems as the prototype for the
village states. The same ego striving to have part with others later works further
in the individual as the power that urges the person for pairing in love,
friendship and occupation. Thus develop friendship and occupation spheres
(guilds), families, relationship classes and social occupation classes. The
idea of being one and being the same with all humans both with primitives and
with civilization peoples leads to “collective” and
“communist” systems of government, with which however ‑-
exactly as in psychopathology ‑- the borders between participation
projections and persecution projections very easily disappear.

The second elementary ego function,
striving for perfection [Vollkommenheit] and for being everything, that is inflation, is at the same time the second stage in the ego development of
the individual and also in that of the masses. The infantile megalomania of being
everything is a fundamental trait of children (S. Freud). In the life of the
collective inflation begins with myths, legends and sagas, religions, rites and
ceremonies, poetry and art, and in later phases of mankind’s history: Discoveries
and science. The inflative forms of state formation are the government forms: Theocracies
in antiquity and fascism and National Socialism in the present.

The third phase of development
is conditioned by the drive after having
-- where possible to have everything.
The child separates from the spell of the participative dual union with the
mother and from the infantile and inflative world of megalomania. Gradually he begins
to introject, that is, to lay in capital from the incorporated characteristics
of his ancestors (identification) with whom he shapes gradually his character;
furthermore he puts in capital from knowledge out of which he forms his world
picture and his world view. In the life of the masses as well as what concerns
material and spiritual possessions, the capitalistic formation of families,
classes, and states begin to be laid in with introjection.

Only the fourth development stage -- striving of the ego for renouncing and

denying
-- brings for himself the ability for adapting to other human beings
and, out of the individual, forms the socialized drilled person and out of the
collective the “drilled masses” [Editor: drilled = all
marching precisely in step with each other as in a military drill]. In the
stage of negation the individual, for society and the people and for all of the
people, becomes bearable and thus “socialized.”

Stopping, thus the fixation of the
individual and also the masses at any stage of the elementary functions of the
ego, quite often becomes dangerous.

If the participation and the following
secondary projection are the sole dominant function, that is the “unifunction”
ego, then occurs generally the condition of projective paranoids and
persecution delusions, both with the individual as well as with the masses and
the state. The unifunction of inflation leads to the well-known picture of greatness
delusions [megalomania] with individuals and peoples, races, and classes.

The unifunction of the introjection, the
having all, culminates with the individual in egoism, in narcissism, and in an autistic
undisciplined schizophrenic manner of thinking; and with state formation in
high finances or state capitalism. The unifunction of negation -- in cases that
are driven to extremes ‑- leads the individual either to criminal
destructions or to destruction of the imagination [Desimagination] up to
the negativism of the catatonics.

The hyper negation
of the masses led in history quite often to iconoclastic destructions, to
revolutions, and to nihilism.

Each form of the unifunction of the ego
can thus become dangerous.

The ideal for an individual and collective ego function is:
The integration of all four elementary functions.

Only the integrated ego is able to participate,
at the same time to be inflative to perfection [completeness], to lay
introjective‑identifying capital in knowledge and science and in material
possessions, and also to renounce and
to deny. Briefly: the complete ego
earns the sole name of a bridge over opposites [Pontifex oppositorum].
Because only the complete crossing (amalgamation) of all four root strivings of
the ego can lead the individual to becoming a free self and the people to be a
free democracy.

The integrated ego (Sch = ± ±) is
thus the aspiring ego ideal both for the individual as also for the community.

The polar
opposite ego  picture: Disintegration (Sch = 0 0), that is the complete
giving up of any ego function, leads the individual to the twilight ego condition
and to the complete loss of the ego and the people to the condition of anarchy
and chaos.

*

The tables numbers
4 to 7 give an overview of the elementary functions of the ego and indeed of :
I. Definition, II. Forms, III. End goals, IV. Origin mechanisms, V. Physiology,
VI. Characterology, VII. Sociology, VIII. Pathological operation, each separately
according to A. Personal, B. Collective, and C. Familial phenomena worlds.

*

The exploration into
the data of these tables will be able to convince the reader about the
fundamental importance of the four elementary functions of the ego both in the
mental life of the individual as well as in that of the community. The fourness of the ego functions has in my
opinion a heuristic value in all branches of psychology and psychopathology --
even in sociology, ethnology, anthropology and history. On the basis of their
being four elementary ego functions we can speak of the characterology of the four root types and respectively of basic
characters: 1. the participative projective, 2. the inflative creative “being-istic,”
3. the introjective “have-istic” and 4. the denying, oppositional, and
negativist character type.

This
fourness of the basic characters is the basis of all typologies, which I have
set up ‑- without thereby foreseeing the roots of the ego drives.

In psychopathology this fourness makes possible
the natural organization of the symptoms, in particular the delusion
formations, into 1. projective, 2. inflative, 3. introjective, and 4.
negativistic symptoms and delusion groups.

The application
of this fourness in sociology leads
to the 1. participative collective,
2. racial, class, and people inflative,
3. introjective capitalistic, and 4. negativistic, destructive, and nihilistic
systems of government. As an eternal ideal stands constantly the integrated fifth system of government: The free and democratic form, which
tries to bridge all opposites in the society and which by its integrative
strivings are able to tower far above the mentioned four unifunctional ego
systems of government.

This fourness of the ego roots is able
to attain similar meanings in ethnology, anthropology, and the science of
history if one has the courage to place the ego as the bridge over opposites [Pontifex
oppositorum] with its roots in the center of any ethnic, anthropological, and
historical investigation.

We are the
opinion that the fourness of the ego
functions represents the forming and preserving elementary principle ‑-
not only in the fate of the individual but also in that of the community’s
life.

Table 4. Overview
of Ego Projection

Projection

A. Personal

B. Collective

C. Familial

I.

Concept designations of projection

a) General definition:

Projection is the

transferring out of
internal

perceptions into the
external world. The internally abolished returns again
from the outside  (Freud).

b) Special definition:

A projection is personal

if the out-shifted
contents of

the inventory belong to
the

repressed personal unconscious.

a) General definition:

Projection is a noticeable

developed archaic identity, and has become the object of one’s own
subjective criticism or that of another (Jung).

b) Special definition:

The projection is collective when the transferred-outward
contents belong to the inventory of the collective unconscious of
mankind.

a) General definition:

Projection is the transference
of personally repressed

forms, family hidden

ancestor forms
(genotypes) and

collective original forms
(archetypes) into the environment.
Projection is the basis for each
choice. Choice is the unconscious projection and unconscious seeking and
finding of hidden ancestor forms in the external world.

b) Special definition:

The projection is familial when the transferred-outward
contents belong to the familial unconscious.

II.

Forms of  projection

1. Primary personal

projection = real participation with the mother. (Incestuous unity

with the mother.)

2. Secondary personal

projection = pathological
projective delusion formation due to the repressed homosexuality.

1. Primary collective

projection = participation
mystique (Lévy-Bruhl): Being one, the same, and related to all members of

a group and being one
with all beings and things in the world.

2. Secondary collective

projection = the same as
under 1 as delusion with paranoids.

1. Primary familial projection =

a) Familial participation:

Being one and the same
with all fellow members of a family.

b) Participation of gene
related.

2. Secondary familial projection

= sick delusional ideas
over

being the same with
one’s ancestors or being persecuted by them.

III.

Final goal of

the projection

The makng return of the
repressed and guiding back of libido to the abandoned persons.

The restitution of the

projected contents

becomes necessary because

its absence injures
adaptation.

The realization of having
part

in the other in the form

of love, friendship and

occupation. The
implimentation of the

unity with the partner.

IV.

Origin  mechanisms

of  projection

1. Repression of an internal
forbidden striving or representation.

2. Disguise of suppressed
contents.

3. Transferring out of
the

disguised contents.

4. Return of the internal raised-up forms from
the outside (according to

Freud).

1. Being the same of the
subject with the object;

archaic identity on the
basis of a projection.

2. Difficulties in

adaptation through

the absence of the

projected contents.

3. Restitution of the

projected contents in

the subject through
undoing of the original being the same with the object.

1. Through heredity is
set up

the genotypes and ancestor forms in the
familial
unconscious.

2. These ancestor images
become projected from the ego into the environment.

3. The projection of an ancestor

form means psychologically: On

the search after the
“gene related" and after carriers of the same ancestor form that
the person has transferred outside (genotropism).

4. After finding the gene
related, one develops love,
friendship and occupation pairs.

Table
4. Overview
of Ego Projection (Continued)

Projection

A.
Personal

B.
Collective

C.
Familial

V.

Physiological operation of

projection

1. Dual union formation between mother
and child.

2. Transference.

3. Dream formation: wish dreams.

4. Crowd formation.

5. Projection as defense mechanism.

1. In infancy: World formation.

2. With primitives: Being one, being the same, and being related with one
another and with nature = the mysterious sharing together of heterogeneous
things that work through mystic forces. Features:

a) Fundamental
homogeneity of

all beings;

b) Solidarity
of the individuals with one’s group;

c) Expansion of
the personality

through
“mana, imunu”;

d) Presence of
a spirit in

all phenomena
and functions;

e) Each
material object and body radiate out a mystic spiritual power

(mana, etc.);

f) Spirit and
protective spirit as archetypes (genius) of art;

g) Presence of
the collective ancestor in the individual (tjurunga, schwirrholz [whirling
wood instrument], etc.).

3. With cultured peoples: Collective formation of

a) the drive
life,

b) the spirit,

c) the numinous behavior

(religion,
rites, etc.),

d) the value
function,

e) foreknowledge of original nature and one’s
ancestors.

1. Genotropism,

choice-guiding, seeking and finding of
partners

a) in love;

b) in friendship;

c) in occupation.

2. Real participation:

being one and
being the same with the chosen partner;
sharing in the

other.

3. Marriage formation, familial formation.

4. Group formation and cooperative formation on the basis of
gene relationship.

VI.

Characterological operation of

projection:

The participative, projective character

In the effect
of projection on the character it is nearly impossible to separate the
personal from the familial and the collective. They shape together the
so-called “participative
" and projective elementary
character with the following traits:

1. Urge to be one, the same, and related with
the partner and with everything in the world;

2.
Self-underestimation, self-uncertainty, thinking oneself inferior without the partner;

only in a dual
union is one secure and safe;

3. Caution,
wariness, watchfulness, distrust, searching for a scapegoat;

4. Sensitivity,
irritability, touchiness, demanding, irreconcilability, resentment;

5.
Quarrel-seeking, belligerent, contentiousness;

6. Slyness,
cunning, crafty;

7. Mystic
occult thinking;

8. Inclination
to contemplation and meditation;

9. Inclination
to telepathy.

VII.

Sociological operation of

projection

a) Generation of pairs in participative and dual union form.

b) Incest love.

c) Oedipal situation.

a) With primitives: group formation, clan formation,
classified relationship groups.

b) With cultured peoples: participative
and paranoid state formation based on the idea of the oneness and sameness of
all humans with the danger of paranoid state security methods.

a) Familial formation on the basis of
genotropism

b) Projective occupation

choice: See. Volume. I, p. 91.

VIII.

Operation of  projection in illnesses

1. Paranoid
projective neurosis; 2. Paranoid projective schizophrenia; significance,
reference, persecution, and injury delusions; 3. Paranoid projective heboid or hebephrenic; 4. Political
criminals out of  persecution
delusion.

Table 5. Overview
of Ego Inflation

Inflation

A. Personal

B. Collective

C. Familial

I.

Concept designations of inflation

a) General definition: Inflation
is the doubling of the ego (Freud).

Possession [Besessenheit] is a form of inflation,
the condition in which “the person himself appears to be converted into the other
person and to manifest voice, behavior, and expression of the face and the
contents of the speech of another person.” (Jaspers).

b) Special definition: Inflation is personal when the
doubling and the expansion of the ego occur
with contents that come from the personal
repressed unconscious.

a) General definition:

Inflation is the
expansion of the personality -- that is, the ballooning of the person through
the dissolution of the opposites.

b) Special definition:

Collective inflation is the doubling
of the ego by means of the contents of the collective unconscious.

a) General definition:

Inflation is the original
elementary striving of the ego after himself being both and after himself
being all..

b) Special definition:

Familial inflation is the expansion
of the ego with contents, functions, values, and possessions that belong to
the inventory of the family and not to that of the
person; it is the doubling and expansion of the person with
the ancestors.

II.

Forms of

inflation

1. Primary personal inflation:

Infantile doubling and

greatness ideas
[megalomania] in childhood.

2. Secondary personal inflation:

megalomanic delusional
relations to God and the world on the basis of homosexual binding to a
parent.

1. Primary collective inflation:

a) Allness feeling and
omnipresence feeling in childhood age. Official persona with
adults.

b) With primitives: Being
double and double presence, two sexual
being of totem ancestor, cult
devices and cult initiations.

2. Secondary collective

inflation: Allness, doubling,
god-like delusions with schizophrenics.

a) Dissolution of  opposites

b) Assimilation of the unconscious
(shadow, anima, animus).

1. Primary familial inflation: Increase of the power of the person and the child
through that of the ancestors; increasing the power of the parents through
that of the children.

2. Secondary familial inflation: Transforming-oneself
delusion and doubling delusion after crossing over the boundaries between
members of the family.

a) The person will be everything.

b) Doubling of the power of the ego through denying the
opposites of  man and woman, God
and humans, etc.

III.

Final goal
of inflation

The replacement of the
persecutors

by a higher court; this compensation
of the ego through

the greatness delusion:
“Conflict and illness can stop. “ (Freud.)

1. Dissolution of the
opposites.

2. Assimilation of the
unconscious (shadow, anima, animus).

1. The person wants to be
everything.

2. Doubling power of the ego by denying the opposition of man and woman,
God and humans, etc.

IV.

Origin mechanisms of inflation

1. Same sex love for one
of the parents.

2. Detachment of libido
by repression.

3. Guiding back of the
libido

to the beloved person
through

projection.

4. Transformation of the
projection in doubling through splitting the person into several ego
existences.

5. The delusional
relation to God, which has originated on the basis of the father complex
through substitute formation and transference.

1. The being like God originates through making conscious the
opposites of good and evil.

2. The apparent overcoming
of moral conflicts results in the feeling of superiority and completeness [perfection]

3. Thus occurs a
ballooning-up condition through stepping over the individual boundaries.

1. First is the wish to
be one and the same being with the family object, thus participation.

2. The impossibility of
being one forces the person to reinstitute the double power.

3. From now on
one’s own ego is both, thus everything.

Table
5. Overview
of Ego Inflation (Continued)

Inflation

A.
Personal

B.
Collective

C.
Familial

V.

Physiological origin of

inflation

1. According to
Freud greatness delusion is in general infantile;
it is a normal character trait of
children. Later one sacrifices one’s greatness delusion for society,
in particular for love.

2. Personal
inflation:

Enlarging of
the personality in dream work (for example

hermaphroditic

dreams).

3. Inflation as
a defense mechanism.

a) In the thinking of primitives:

1. Double existence, double

presence. Doubling of

man and animal: “Second

Ego " =
tamaniu.

2. Doubling of man and

woman (legends, cults, cult accompanying elements like tjurunga,
schwirrholz [whirling wood instrument], singing). To become a two sexual
being is the great longing of many primitives (Aranda, Loritja, etc.).
Initiation rites in Australia,
Asia, and Africa.

b) With cultured people:

1. Puffing up
of the person through the office.

2. Religion,
rites, ceremonies.

3. Collective
inflation in dream work; the dreamer becomes, for example, a woman, an animal
or a God, etc.

1. Expansion of the personality through one’s
ancestors: Inherited family titles, like duke, count, lord, etc.

2. The expansion of the

parents’ power through the children;
the child is “the physical property of the parents."

3. The
expansion of the personality of the children through the power of the
parents.

4. Familial inflation in

dream work.

5. Familial occupation

choices.

VI.

Characterological operation of inflation.

The inflative, creative and intuitive
fundamental character

The personal,
collective and familial of elements form together the “intuitive, inflative, and ego-diastole character,"
whose traits are the following: 1. Ardor; 2. Adoration impulse, in particular
self-adoration; 3. Enthusiasm; 4. Obsession [Possession]; 5. Ambitendency; 6.
Pathos; 7. Drive to be everything; 8. Being like God; 9. Feeling for rank
and status; 10. Presumption, arrogance; 11. Will to be superior; 12. Thirst
for power; 13. Dictatorial nature; 14.
Imperious; 15. Haughtiness; 16. Conceitedness; 17. Greatness ideas; 18. To reverse from omnipotence to impotence,
faint-heartedness, quarreling,
inability to work, and depression out of being without power and not being
able to be great; 19. Uncertainty concerning one’s own limits; 20. Constant
fear about loosing one’s greatness; 21. Being narcissism.

VII.

Sociological operation of

inflation

1. Falling in love: transference of one’s
own ideas of greatness onto the beloved object.

2. Expansion of
an

organization:
Transference of one’s own ideas of greatness to outer organizations, like family, church, city,
a people, race, class, nation, state and so on.

a) With primitive peoples:

Totemism. The totem animal as the highest totem
is a two sexual being and creates a
oneness among the social groups. Genuine totemism always
appears as an organic connection with certain forms of work activity, economy,
art, world view and ethics. Totem and social group are intimately connected.

b) With cultured peoples:

1. Inflative state formation: A people
and a nation will be everything.

2. Religion,
art, poetry.

1. Matriarchy: Mother right.

2. Patriarchy: Father

right, values, morals, and official realms of a patriarchy.

3. Ruling gender: Dynasty.

4. Familial,
inflative

occupation
choices. (See Vol. I, p. 91.)

VIII.

Operation of inflation
in illnesses

1. Inflative paranoid neuroses; 2. Inflative paranoid psychoses:
Religion delusion, doubling delusion, greatness delusion [megalomania],
invention delusion; 3. Heboid
inflation; 4. Political criminal out of greatness delusion; 5. Parents
murderer out of greatness delusion; 6. Murderer in general out of greatness
delusion.

Table
6. Overview of Ego Introjection

Introjection

A.
Personal

B.
Collective

C.
Familial

I.

Concept designations of introjection

a) General definition:

Introjection is the inclusion of objects in the subjective spheres of interest (S. Ferenczi).

b) Special definition:

introjection is
personal when the contents
incorporated into the ego belong to the narrowest experience spheres and
inventory of the person.

Through
personal introjection originates identification:
The erecting of objects in the ego (S. Freud). Introjection belongs as a
substitute for the union of Eros,

a) General definition:

Introjection means

an assimilation
of the

object by the subject.
It is an assimilation process (C. G. Jung).

b) Special definition:

Introjection is
collective when the ego incorporates
and

assimilates
contents of the collective unconscious;
contents thus that do not belong

to the
experience

world or to the
inventory of the person.

a) General definition:

Introjection is
the unconscious and original

elementary
strivings of the

ego to take
into possession and to incorporate the valuable objects, valued

representations,
and all

valued contents
of the external and internal world (Szondi).

b) Special definition:

The introjection
is familial

when the person
incorporates into his own ego and accepts into his own personal inventory material
objects or mental capabilities, characteristics,

and ideals that
belong to the family heritage.

II.

Forms
of introjection

1. Primary personal introjection: Incorporation
of the approved characteristics of
parents, grandparents, brothers and sisters on the basis of the loss of love
for them.

Identification after

separation.  Character

formation (S.
Freud).

2. Secondary personal

introjection:

a) Hyper introjection,

for example
with melancholy. Masochism.

b) Detail introjection:

Fetishism.

c) Ad-hoc introjection:

Sexual
perversions

(Sadism, masochism,
fetishism) (Szondi).

1. Primary collective introjection:

a) Buildup of
collective perceptions of the world in childhood. Persona

formation.

b) With primitives: Magic
representations and actions. Formation
of magic figures (magician, etc.).

2. Secondary collective

introjection:

Magic, autistic
cosmic delusion formations with schizophrenics.

1. Primary familial introjection:

a) Incorporation of characteristics of such ancestors that the
person has never personally experienced. (Introprojection on the
basis  of genotropism.)

b) Familial occupation

choice.

2. Secondary familial

introjection:

a) Familial hereditary illnesses.

b) Familial death choice

(suicide).

III.

End goal of introjection

The substitution of lost objects through
the setting up of these in the ego: Identification.

Identification with the cosmic power,
with god-like characteristics and magic nature, and, further, with the shadow
and the anima, respectively the animus.

1. The original
human striving to have everything.

2. The
assimilation of one’s ancestor figures and the incorporation of
definite character traits, world views, behaviors and chosen forms into
one’s ego.

Table
6. Overview of Ego Introjection (Continued)

Introjection

A.
Personal

B.
Collective

C.
Familial

IV.

Origin mechanisms of

introjection

1. Sexual
object

preoccupation.

2. Giving up of
the sexual object.

3. Erecting of
the lost object – as substitute -- in the ego (“psychic
cannibalism“).

4. Ego change

through identification.

5. Introjection
is thus the polar opposite of repression’s manner of detaching of
libido.

6. The love for
the ego  replaces the lost love
for the object (S. Freud).

a) Collective introinflation: Emergence of

introjection after

collective
inflation.

b) Collective Introprojection:
Emergence of

introjection after
collective projection

(L. Szondi).

a) Familial Introinflation:

1. First the
person is

possessed by
the desire, to be everything that the preferred ancestor figure was;

2. then he will
have everything that the ancestors had:
Familial form of identification.

b) Familial Introprojection:

1. First the
person will be one and the same with
an ancestor figure: Familial participation.

2. After this has

became impossible,
the ego incorporates this ancestor figure: Familial  identification

(L. Szondi).

V.

Physiological operation of

introjection

1. Identification.

2. Character formation:

Character is a deposit
of the given-up object interest in the ego; it contains the history of these
object choices (S. Freud).

3. Transference (S. Ferenczi).

4. Personal will
processes.

1. Formation of
the collective world view.

2. Formation of the persona.

3. Magic.

4. Collective will processes through
collective attitudes [taking positions].

1. Character formation on the basis of familial

introjection.

2. Occupation choice and occupation persona.

3. Will processes as

the result of familial

introjections
through

family altitudes.

VI.

Characterological operation of

introjection.

The introjective fundamental character.

In the
structure of the so-called “introjective”
character are personal, collective

and familial
elements interwoven intimately with one another. The “extrovert” type according to C. G. Jung and also
like the “extratensive”
experience type according to H. Rorschach form themselves in the basic
introjective character. All these types are ego systolic character formations and protect the person from
exaggerated ego expansion (ego diastole) through
testing of reality and thus by
turning the soul outward. The most important traits of the introjective character are: 1. Turning of the interest outward (extraversion, extratension); 2. Positivism; 3. Rationalism: Soberness; 4. Dryness;
5. Cold, hard, severe; 6. Realization urge
and knowledge urge; 7. Love of form;
8. Love of logic, 9. Sense of organization, tendency to
uniformity; 10. Lacking in feeling,
unconcerned, heartlessness, compassionless; 11. Egoism; 12. Have narcissism; 13. Ego
centered, egocentricity; 14. Obstinate,
stubborn; 15. Self-determined will, autism; 16. Inclination to reaction formations and to ego changes through new identifications; 17. Inclination to blocking,
separating, and isolating.

Table
6. Overview of Ego Introjection (Continued)

Intojection

A.
Personal

B.
Collective

C.
Familial

VII.

Sociological operation of introjection

1. Separation from
the

parents.

2. Becoming independent.

3. Expansion of the social areas of
interest through introjective identifications.

4. Investing in personal capital.

a) With primitives: Magic.

b) With cultured peoples:

1. Identification in the forming of the
perception world.

2. Identification with a collective world view.

3. Identification with the official persona.

4. Capitalistic state formation on the
basis of the collective.

1. Identification with the familial world
view.

2. Identification
with the families’ character
formation.

3. Familial investment.

4. Capitalistic state

formation on the basis of the family.

5. Familial
introjective occupation choices. (See Vol. I, p. 91.)

VIII.

Operation of introjection in illnesses

In symptom formation,

introjection plays the

most important
role with

1. Melancholy (hyper

introjection);

2. Autistic, ego systolic

schizophrenia,

3. Masochistic perversion

4. Fetish (detail introjection)
perversion

5. Compulsion neurosis (together with
repression);

6. Psychopathology
and criminality (ad-hoc introjections according to

L. Szondi).

1. Cosmic, autistic,

magic mode of thought and delusion
formations with schizophrenia

(Word magic).

2. Cosmic world designs

with
schizophrenics.

3. Collective and sick

persona formations.

1. Familial hereditary illnesses through
identifications and respectively acceptance of the sick ancestors.

2. Familial death choice:

Manner of
suicide through

identification
with the

ancestor, who selected
the same kind of death.

Table
7. Overview of Ego Negation

Negation

A.
Personal

B.
Collective

C.
Familial

I.

Concept designations of negation

a) General definition

(S. Freud):

Denial is a way to take the repressed into
one’s awareness, actually an

abolition of
the repression,

but certainly
no acceptance of the repressed. It is a

conscious
intellectual judgment function.

b) Special definition (according to L. Szondi):

The negation is
personal

when the ego
denies  representations, strivings
and ideals that once belonged to the personal
inventory of the repressed unconscious.
Negation belongs as a successor of the expulsion of the destruction drive.

a) General definition: --

b) Special definition

(according to L. Szondi):

1. A denial is
of a

collective nature if

the individual
avoids, denies, inhibits, estranges, or represses definite human strivings and representations
from the collective unconscious.

2. Collective negation covers also all
rules and prohibitions of religion, states, groups, and clans by which any
collective denies definite behavior to the individual person.

a) General definition:

Negation is partly the unconscious and partly the
conscious elementary strivings of the ego to
avoid, to deny, to inhibit, to estrange, and to repress definite demands, representations, and ideals.
Negation is thus a primary elementary process.

b) Special definition:

A denial is familial when the ego avoids, denies,
inhibits, estranges, or represses the strivings of the familial unconscious.

II.

Forms of negation

1. Primary personal negation:

a) Reality testing;

b) Destruction of the imagination;

c) Adaptation.

According to
Freud each denial is secondary;

according to us
it is a primary elementary function
of the ego.

2.Secondary personal negation:

a) Sick inhibitions,

estrangements
and

repression with
the transference neuroses.

b) Catatonic negativism.

c) Destructions.

1. Primary collective negation:

a) Collective denial of
certain infantile excitations through education.

b) With primitives: the taboo system.

2. Secondary collective

negation: Sick denial of all collective rules with the criminal and the mentally disturbed.

General forms of negation: 1. Avoidance,

2. Denial, 3.
Inhibition,

4.
Alienation,
5. Repression

1. Primary familial negation:

Revolting

a) against the family

requirements
and prohibitions;

b) against genotropic

strivings in
love,

friendship,
occupation,

illness and
manner of death.

2. Secondary familial

negation: Sick denial of the family with asocial
psychopaths, criminals, and the mentally disturbed.

III.

End goal of

negation

The intellectual making come back of
repression processes whose end goal is that the representation content does
not succeed to become conscious.

The affective process of repression is
forced not to come back through the denial process (S. Freud).

Manner of preservation of groups, clans, tribes, and peoples.

Incest taboo of clans on a social basis (Jung).

1. The healthy family

preservation (incest taboo of the family).

2. In sick
form:

Destruction of
the family ideals: all denied and all
destroyed that belong to the family as material and ideals possessions.

Table
7. Overview of Ego Negation (Continued)

Negation

A.
Personal

B.
Collective

C.
Familial

IV.

Origin

mechanisms

of  negation

1. A forbidden representation  is repressed.

2. The repressed

thought
contents become conscious; it however lets itself

consciously to
be denied.

3. Through the
denial is laid open the path to consciousness for only the intellectual part
of the repressed; the essential affective
portion continues however to be denied.

At present
unknown.

1. A familial
demand

(in love,
friendship,

occupation,
illness, and manner of death) becomes conscious to the individual.

2. These familial excitations, however,
are consciously denied by the means
of avoidance, inhibition, or estrangement; more rarely also by making unconscious
through repression (for example with familial incest love).

V.

Physiological

operation  of negation

1. Reality testing after

loss of object.

2. Adaptation to the good and avoidance of everything that is
bad. (xenophobia of the ego.)

1. Adaptation
to the collective rules and prohibitions of the group and of the clans, that
is to the marriage regulations, sex rules, etc.

1. Adaptation to the rules of the family.

2. The consequence is: the
drilled person [one who is like a drilled soldier]; he denies the
primitive desire to be one and the same (according to participation);
furthermore he denies the demand to be everything.

3. Renunciation of everything that for him is unattainable.

4. The physiologically inhibited human being.

VI.

Characterological

operation of negation.

1. The adapted,

2. the oppositional,

3. the negativistic fundamental character

The “adapted” and the “negativistic and oppositional” drilled character results from the
denial of personal, collective and familial strivings. He represents the everyday
drilled human being as “a drilled person.” His leading traits
are:

1. the being adapted  to
reality, to the family and to the community according to the external!;

2. internally
however he constantly opposes the drill and is 3. for that very reason unsatisfied and 4. always ready to
free himself from the compulsion of the drill;

5. he renounces any ideal formation, since
he is completely disillusioned; 6. drilled men constantly supply the masses
for any revolutionary, insurgent, and oppositional movement; 7. outwardly
they are inhibited to the external; internally, however, they are the eternal
no sayer. Therefore: as individuals
they are harmless, but dangerous in masses.

VII.

Sociological operation of negation

1. Formation of
personal morals.

2. Setting up
of personal barriers of shame and
disgust.

3. Eternal ambivalence in

relationship to
moral barriers.

4. “Incest
barrier” (S. Freud).

a) With primitives only mother
right.

The system of taboos conditions the
social order.

1. Exogamy, the
prohibition

of the blood dishonor
within the clans.

2. Organization of the clans and
sub-clans.

3. Classified relationships organization.

4. Marriage
classes (cross cousins marriages).

5. Sexual
morality.

6. Social
morality.

b) With cultured peoples: Rules and
prohibitions of religion, the state, race and class.

The health of the manner of preservation
through:

1. Denial of the incest love in the context of the family (for
example,

denial of
marriage between cousins in heritable-ill families);

2. Denial of certain

homogeneous genotropic

marriages through
marriage counseling;

3. Promotion of non-genotropic
marriages

4. Negation of
the familial occupations.

VIII.

Operation of negation in illnesses

1. Sick inhibitions and repressions with
the so-called transference neuroses
as with hysteria and compulsion neurosis.

2. Estrangements and depersonalization
with manic-depressive and schizophrenic illnesses before and after the
illness.

3. Negativism with catatonia.